Psych intelligence and personality
Terms
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- in IQ testing, the chronological age of children who on the average receive a test score similar to that of the subject.
- Mental Age
- Intelligence measurement derived by dividing an individual's mental age by the chronological age, then multiplying by 100.
- IQ
- IQ test developed by Lewis Terman who revised Binet's scale and adapted questions to American students.
- Stanford-Binet Test
- Intelligence test developed by David Wechsler in the 1930s with sub-tests grouped by aptitude rather than age level.
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- Group IQ tests developed early in this century by the American Psycological Association to assist the army in making job assignments for soldiers.
- Army Alpha and Beta tests
- Group IQ test for children of all ages that is widely used in schools
- Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT)
- Group intelligence test widely used in many school systems
- Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT)
- uniform and consistent prodecures for administering and scoring tests, such as IQ or personality tests.
- Standardization procedures
- Standard that reflects the normal or average performance of a particular goup of people on a measure such as an IQ test
- norm
- in testing, the dependable consistency of a test
- reliability
- method for evaluating test reliability by giving a subject (or subjects) the same test more than once.
- Test-retest reliability
- method of assessing test reliability in which subjects take two different forms of a test that are very similar in content and level of difficulty
- Alternate-forms reliability
- measure of test reliability in which a subjects performance on a single administratioon of a test is assessed by comparing performance on half of the test items with performance on the other half of the test terms.
- split-half reliability
- in testing, the ability of a test to measure accurately what it is supposed to measure
- validity
- method of assessing test validity that involves comparing peoples' test scores with their scores on other measures already known to be good indicators of the skill or trait being assessed.
- Criterion-related validity
- type of criterion related validity that involves comparing test performance to other criteria that are currently available
- concurrent validity
- type of criterion-related validity assessed by determining the accuracy with which tests predict performance in some future situation.
- predictive validity
- test designed to predict an individual's ability to learn new information or skills
- aptitude test
- test designed to measure an individual's learning (as opposed to the ability to learn new information)
- achievement test
- one of the two factors in Charles Spearman's conceptualization of intelligence, that consists of general intelligence and is largely genetically determined
- G-factor
- In Charles Spearman's two-factor theory of the structure of intelligence, the specific abilities or skills.
- S-factor
- In L.L. Thurstone's theory of the structure of intelligence, the separate and measurable attributes (for instance, numerical ability) that make up intelligence
- Primary mental abilities
- theory that intelligence is a multidimensional trait comprising componential, esperiential, and contextual abilities
- triarchic theory of successful intelligence
- an estimate ranging from 0 to 1.0 that indicates the proportion of variance in a trait that is accounted for by heredity
- heritability
- differences or response variability, within treatment conditions
- within-group differences
- differences, or response variability between treatment conditions
- between-group differences
- projective test for personality assessment in which the subject is shown cards depicting various scenes and is asked to describe what is happening in each scene
- thematic apperception test (TAT)
- personality tests that consist of loosely structured, ambiguous stimuli that require the subject's interpretation
- projective tests
- commonly used projective test in which the subject is asked to examine inkblots and say what they look like or bring to mind
- Rorschach inkblot test
- assessment test in which each test item is referenced to one of the original criterion groups that were used in developing the test
- criterion-keyed test
- method used in psychologoical studies in which an individual is asked questions. -may be informal and unstructured or they may be highly structured
- interview
- in personality testing, an objective, self report inventory designed to measure scientifically the variety of characteristics or traits that makeup personality
- paper-and-pencil questionnaire
- individual's belief that he or she can perform adequately and deal effectively with a particular situation
- self-efficacy
- principle that individual behaviours and personalities are shaped by the interaction between cognitive factors and environmental factors
- reciprocal determinism
- developed the idea of reciprocal determinism
- albert bandura
- insecurity that results when children perceive their parents as indifferent, harsh, or erratic in their responsiveness
- basic anxiety
- motivates one of three ineffectual patterns of social interaction
- basic hostility
- universal urge to achieve self perfection
- striving for superiority
- powerful emotionally charged universal images or concepts in Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconcious.
- archetypes
- kind of universal memory bandk that contains all the ancestral memories images, symbols, and ideas that humans have accumulated throughout their evolvement
- collective unconscious
- part of the the uncounscious that is akin to Freud's concept of a reservoir of all repressed thoughts and feelings
- personal unconscious
- arrested development resulting from exposure to either too little or too much gratification
- fixation
- the atraction a male child feels toward his mother during phalic stage
- oedipus complex
- female counterpart of oedipus conflict
- Electra complex
- defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously replaces unacceptabel impulses with their opposites
- reaction formation
- a powerful dominating behavioral predisposition that is an organizing principle in a small number of people's lives
- cardinal trait
- distinctive patterns of behavior, emotions and thoguhts that characterize an individual's adaptations to his or her own life
- personality
- a major characteristic such as honesty or sensitivity
- central trait
- any of a varity of less generalized and often short-term traits that affect people's behavior in specific circumstances
- secondary trait
- dimensions or traits that are usually obvious such as integrity or tidiness that tend to be grouped in clusters that are related to source traits
- surface traits
- underlying traits that are the center or core of an individual's personality
- source traits
- psychoanalytic technique developed by Freud in which patients relax and say whatever comes to their mind
- free association
- vast reservoir of the mind that holds countless memories and feelings that are repressed or submerged because they are anxiety-producing
- unconscious mind
- technique developed by Freud in which an individual's revelations of normallly unconscious cognitions are interpreted
- psychoanalysis
- views people as shaped by ongoing conflicts between primary drives and the social pressure of civilized society
- psychoanalytic theory
- the biological component of personality consisting of life instincts and death instincts
- id
- individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations for the real reasons for behaviors
- rationalization
- individual reduces anxiety created by unacceptabel impulses by attributing thoe impulses to someone else
- projection
- defense mechanism in which as person diverts his or her impulse-driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety
- displacement
- form of the defense mechanism in which impulse driven behaviors are channeled toward producing a socially valued acomplishment
- sublimation
- believed that genes dont fix behavior but establish a range of possible ractions to the experiences an environment can provide
- Weinberg
- studied heredity of intelligence in rats
- Cooper and Zubek
- recently presented evidence that Burt's experiment may not have been a fluke
- John Rushton
- conducted twin studies that showed intelligence was most likely hereditary
- Sir Cyril Burt
- proposed 7 kinds of intelligence, 3 of which were normal and the other 4 -musical, bodily kinesthetic, inter/intra personal
- Howard Gardner
- studied "practical intelligence" focused on how information is processed to solve problems. said intelligence doesn't have to = speed
- Sternberg
- believes any intellectual task can be analyzed in terms of 3 major intellectual functions
- Guliford
- said if IQ differences between individuals were genetically influenced then this might also be true for races
- Arthur Jensen
- criticized Spearman, believed measuring a person's intelligence would require measuring all 7 primary mental abilities
- Thurstone
- studied structure of intelligence and factor analysis
- Charles Spearman
- made test for late adolecense to adulthood
- David Wechsler
- Americanized Binet's test to Stanford-Binet test
- Lewis Terman
- mental age/ chronological age x 100
- IQ
- coined term "mental level" came up with intelligence tests for french schools
- Alfred Binet
- believed upper class were more intelligent and the men were superior to women, and that caucasions were superior to other races
- Sir Francis Galton
- defined intelligence as ability to think abstractly
- Lewis Terman
- considered intelligence the ability to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
- David Wechsler
- id
- in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the biological component of personality cnsisting of life instincts and death instincts.
- libidio
- in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the energy that fuel the id and motivates all behavior
- anxiety
- free-floating fear or apprehension that may occur with or without an easily identifiable source
- oral stage
- the first stage of psychosexual development spanning birth through 12-18 months during which the lips and mouth are the primary erogenous zone
- ego
- In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the component of persnality that acts as an intermediary between the instinctual demands of the id and the reality of the real world
- superego
- according to Freud, the third system of persnality that cnsists of an individual's conscience as well as teh ego-ideal (the shoulds of behavior)
- Defense Mechanism
- in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an unconscious maneuver that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality
- repression
- in psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism by which ideas, feelings, or memories that are too painful to deal with on a conscious level are banished to the unconscious
- rationalization
- defense mechanism in which an individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations foor the real reasons for behaviors
- projection
- defense mechanism in which an individual reduces anxiety created by unacceptable impulses by attributing those impulses to someone else
- displacement
- defense mechanism in which a person diverts his or her impulse-driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety
- sublimation
- form of the defense mechanism displacement in which impulse-driven behaviors are channeled toward producing a socially valued accomplishment
- regression
- defense mechanism in which an individual attempts to cope with an anxiety-producing situatin by retreating to an earlier stage of development
- reaction formation
- defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously replaces unacceptable impulses with their opposites
- Psychosis
- disturbances of thinking, reduced contact with reality, loss of ability to function socially, and other bizarre behaviors
- OCD
- anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted, and unshakable thoughts and/or irresistible habitual repeated actions.
- somatoform disorder
- class of disorders including somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, and conversion disorder that are manifested through somatic or physical symptoms
- hypochondriasis
- somatoform disorder in which the individual is excessively fearful of contracting a serious illness or of dying
- somatization disorder
- type of somatoform disorder characterized by multiple and recurrent physical symptoms that have no physical cause
- Social Learning Theory
- theory that empathizes the role of observation in learning
- Preconscious
- mental state describing thoughts and memories that exist on the fringe of awareness, and that can be readily brought into consciousness
- unconscious
- level of mental awareness describing ideas, feelings, and memories that cannot easily be brought into consciousness
- consciousness
- state of awareness or alertnes to proceses that are going on insede or outside one's own body
- anxiety disorders
- most prevalent disorders in the US
- Personality disorder
- diverse class of disorders that is characterized by inflexible and mal adaptive personality traits that cause either functional impairment or subjective distress
- Paranoid
- extreme and pervasive suspiciousness, mistrust, and envy of others, hypersisitivity and dificuty in getting along with others, restricted expression of emotion, inclided to avoid intimacy
- Schizoid
- very cold, aloof, and socially isolated; unable to form close relatinships, humorless; appears to be indifferent to praise or criticism
- Antisocial
- a continuous pattern of utter disregard for the rights of others and the rules of sociaity
- Narcissistic
- sense of self importance; preoccupied with fantasies of great achievements; childish demands for constant attention and special favors,; little empathy for others
- external locus of control
- believe that their own behavior doesn't matter much and that rewards in life are generally outside of their control
- internal locus of control
- believe that their own actions determine the rewards that they obtain
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
- variety of developmental complications including spontaneous abortion, premature birth, infants born addicted to alcohol, and numerous developmental disabilities that are related to the mother’s use of alcohol during pregnancy
- Guliford
- belved any intellectual task could be analyzed in terms of 3 major intellectual functions- the mental operatioons that are used (how we think) the content (what we think about) and the products of applying a particularaperation to a particular content
- Sternberg
- practical intelligence- focus on how process information to solve problems intelligence doess nt necessarily equal speed
- Howard Gardner
- philophically agrees with Sternberg But proposes 7 kinds of intelligence, 3 normal, 4 new (musical, bodily, kinesthetic, inter/intra personal)
- Sir Cyril Burt
- twin studies showed intellegence was shot down when 2 of his "assistents" never existed
- Cooper and Zubek
- studied intelligence herdity in rats
- Weinburg
- genes dont fix behavior but establish a range of possible reactions to the range of possible experiences that environments can provide.
- Arthur Jenson
- said if IQ differences between individuals were gentically influencesd then it might also be true for races
- Lewis Terman
- americanized Binet's test to Stanford Binet test
- David Wechsler
- made test for late adolecense to adulthood
- Sir Francis Galton
- believed upper class were more intelligent, men were superior to women caucasions were superior to other races
- Alfred Binet
- coined the term "mental level" (mental age) came up with intellegence tests for French schools when education was ruled mandatory
- Wilhelm Stern
- mental age/chronological age x 100 = IQ
- Charles Spearman
- structure of intelligence- factor analysis
- Thurstone
- criticized Spearman, believed measuring a person's intelligence would require measuring all 7 primary mental abilities