Epidemiology
Yet another...*sigh*
Terms
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- etiology of AIDS
- 3 years
- how much did the death rate fall after semmelweiss?
- 12 per 100
- indirect
- pread via an agent, then to a host's portal of entry
- etiology of SARS
- 8 days
- vehicle
- one common source (food/water borne to usually more than 1 person)
- Jess
- the other stuff you need to know is on your homework
- endemic
- continually present at low level (common cold, Hep. A in Asia and DR)
- epidemic
- sudden increase in incidence causing morbidity and mortality (plague, smallpox)
- iatrogenic
- transmitted by physician in surgery (vCJD)
- John Snow
- cholera epidemic in London, tracked down source to Broad St. pump in 1849
- reservoir
- the living/nonliving place where the pathogen lives; some pathogens have more than one, harder to eliminate
- direct transmission
- person-->person (STDs), droplet (less than 1 mL), fecal-oral (wash hands), animal/arbo (bug bite), vertical (mom to baby via placenta, breast milk, vaginal delivery)
- herd immunity
- percentage of population immune to particular pathogen due to immunization/past disease
- vector
- living hosts that transmit pathogens (ex. arthropods)
- transmission
- manner by hich pathogens spread to organism from reservoir + enters portal of entry (respiratory, GI, NU, blood, parenteral-skin)
- vaccinations
- potential weakness in bioterror event
- Nosocomial infections
- 2 mill. cases a year in U.S., transmitted in hospital/health facility usually via fomites Ex: IV needles, catheters, bedrails, or aerosols (airborne dust carrying microbes in air) ex: Legionnaires
- zoonosis
- infection caused by animal reservoirs + transmitted by their bites or by contaminated food
- pandemic
- worldwide epidemic (1918 influenza, killed 20 mill.) HIV 14 mill.
- decrease in herd immunity leads to
- epidemics (diphtheria and pertussis in Russia; lack immunization)
- epidemiology
- source, cause, transmission of disease in order to control and prevent illness
- examples of indirect transmission
- fomite; vehicle
- sporadic
- occasional spurts of disease, may be seasonal (lyme, EEE, typhoid)
- reportable diseases
- MMWR morbidity and mortality weekly report
- semmelweiss
- 1897 proved childbed dever was unwashed hands of med. students and doctors