ALU 101
Medical and Non-medical life underwriting review
Terms
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- In 2002, the American Diabetes Association indicate this many americans have diabetes
- 18.2 Million
- DM complications include:
- ketosis/ketoacidosis (not enough insulin)macrovascular (CAD, CVD, PVD), microvascular (nephropathy/kidney disease, retinopathy/eye vessels, neuropathy)
- What are the receptors for smell
- Chemorereceptors
- The two major layers of skin
- Epidermis and Statrum Corneum
- What % of the population has HTN
- 20%
- Type of diabetes inwhich the beta cells are damaged or destroyed
- type 1
- The three layers of the pericardial membrane are
- fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
- type 1 diabetes is treated with what?
- insulin - injection or pump
- Overweight definition in terms of BMI
- 25 - 29.9 kg/m2, or 20% or more above NL weight
- What are the two types of sweat glands
- Eccrine and Apocrine glands
- Restrictive bariatric surgery includes what two types:
- gastric banding and gastroplasty
- Hemoglobin A1c is a measure of blood sugar averages for approximately how long prior to the testing
- approximately 3 months
- Approximately 80% of CVAs are caused by
- A thrombus
- dogs have a sense of smell how many times greater than people
- 200x
- Normal BP, Stage 1 (clinical) HTN
- 120/80, over 140/90
- Fructosamine is a measure of blood sugar averages for about how long previous to the test?
- approx 3 weeks
- The secretion of this hormone is one of the few positive feedback mechanisms in the body
- Oxytocin
- What is one cell type that is not part of the Dermis layer?
- melanocytes
- Complications of obesity
- NIDDM, CAD, HTN, Metabolic syndrome, Cancer, Depression, eating disorders, IGT, CHF, stroke, Chol/trigs, Sleep apnea, arthritis
- Tests to determine possible secondary causes of HTN
- Funduscopic exam, EKG, Echo, Blood (HCT, Glucose, Electrolytes, BUN, Creat, lipids), UA (protein, blood, glucose, microscopic), renal eval, Special (catecholamines, cortisol or aldosterone for pheochromocytoma, Cushing's or primary aldosteronism)
- What complications can occur from malabsorptive bariatric surgery
- nutritional deficiencies, anemia, osteoporosis, dumping syndrome
- Post bariatric surgery, what % gain the weight back?
- 5-10%
- What % of the US population has diabetes?
- 6.3%
- Complications of HTN
- LVH, arrhythmias, ischemia and sudden death, stroke, renal failure, PVD, heart failure
- What % of US adults over 30 are overweight or obese?
- 64%
- Organic chemicals
- Often complex, always contain carbon and hydrogen.
- What percent of the diabetic population has type 2 vs type 1?
- about 90% have type 2, 10% type 1
- Diagnostic level for DM in IGT
- 2 hour glucose over 200 (IGT if 140-199)
- Which bones are part of the shoulder and/or arm
- clavicle, ulna, humerous
- List categories of drugs to treat HTN
- Thiazide diuretics (HCTZ - first line), Calcium channel antagonists (Norvasc, Cardizem-older adults), Beta blockers (atenolol, lopressor -w/CAD, not w/asthma, PVD, block, depression), Angiotensin converting enzyme (vasotec, altace, lisinopril, prinivil. w/heart failure), Angiotensin II blockers/ARBs (Cozaar, Diovan) Alpha blocker (cardura, for BPH), Vasodilators - older
- Women with a history of gestational DM have a ___% chance of developing NIDDM in 5-10 years
- 20-50%
- diagnostic level for DM in Fasting glucose
- Over 126 (IFT between 110-125)
- BMI formula
- (weight in pounds/hight in inches/height in inches) x 703
- The most effective way to lose weight
- decrease caloric intake, increase physical activity
- Two common weight loss drugs
- Merida (works on the brain - increased pulse and BP) and Xenical (inhibits fat absorbtion)
- The most powerful single predictor of future mortality
- blood pressure level (systolic and diastolic are independent risk factors)
- waist circumference that indicates increased risk
- 40" in men and 35" in women
- Stable, underweight in healthy people has what effect on mortality
- Lower mortality than average (If no sudden wt loss, not elderly, no eating disorder)
- What is the result in the body of hperglycemia
- cells cannot get energy needed to function, and excess glucose damages tissue at the cellular level
- body habitus =
- build
- The function of the circulatory system is
- to transport oxygen and nutrient's to body cells and to Carry away waste materials of cellular metabolism
- Unfavorable causes of hypotension
- autonomic nervouse system (parkinson's, diabetic or alcoholic neuropathy, MS, chronic renal or liver diseases, aortic stenosis, pericarditis, myocarditis, adverse drug reaction
- When assessing the mortality risk for diabetics, one needs to evaluate what?
- Type of diabetes, treatment, degree of control, duration, complications, co-morbidities
- Symptoms of type 1 DM
- hunger, wt loss, thirst/polydipsia, urination/polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue
- Systolic/diastolic
- top number = maximum contraction of the heart / bottom number = minimum pressure in relaxation phase
- Name the five essential parts of a Reflex arc
- Receptors, Sensory neurons, CNS, Motor neurons, Effector
- What is an example of a microvascular complication associated with diabetes?
- nephropathy
- IGT test vs IFG
- Elevated 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test, Elevated overnight/fasting blood sugar
- Parkinson's Disease is a disorder of the
- Basal ganglia
- The Left Ventricle's function is to
- pump blood to the rest of the body
- Heart disease and stroke account for what % of deaths in diabetics?
- 65%
- Pulse pressure
- difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
- Inorganic chemicals:
- usually simple, 1-2 elements other than carbon. H2O, O2
- The PNS consists of
- spinal and cranial nerves
- metabolic syndrome is a combination of what conditions
- abdominal obesity, elevated BP, lipid abnormalities, elevated fasting glucose
- The virus shingles is present in what kind of neuron
- Sensory
- With a first degree burn this part of the skin is damaged
- The superficial epidermis
- The skull consists of ___ cranial bones and ___ facial bones
- 18 and 14
- Morbid obesity defined (BMI, % over normal and # over normal)
- BMI >40 or 35kg/m2 with clinical complications, 50-100% over normal, over 100lbs over NL
- Ambulatory BP monitoring
- 24 hour monitor, identifies white coat syndrome
- These hormones are secreted in stressful situations and prepare the body for "fight or flight
- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- Fen-Phen was associated with what complication, and removed from the market
- valvular heart disease
- Malabsorptive bariatric surgery includes what two types:
- RGB and BPD - both bypass a portion of the digestive tract
- Insulin is produced in which cells in which organ?
- beta cells in the pancreas
- Shingles is caused by
- The Herpes Varicella-Zoster virus, (Which is the same virus that causes chicken pox, a bacterial infection)
- Bariatric surgery has two categories - name them and indicate which is more successful
- restrictive and malabsorptive - Malabsorptive is generally more successful