Bio exam #5
Terms
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- Gene
- Unit of instruction for a protein (comes form proteins)
- Allele
- Different molecular forms of a gene
- Diploid
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Having 2 homologous chromosomes
1 gene = 1 trait = 1 protein - Gamenes (RL, Rl, rl) are haploid
- Organisms are diploid (Ex: RrLl)
- Haploid
- Having one of each chromosome
- Homozygous
- Having two identical alleles for a gene
- Heterozygous
- Having two different alleles for a gene
- Dominant (or "normal")
- Allele form that masks other alleles (uppercase letters)
- Recessive
- Allele form that can be masked (lowercase letters)
- Genotype
-
Actual compliment of alleles present
Ex: RR = homozygous, Rr = heterozygous, rr = homozygous - Phenotype
-
Outward expression of the genotype
Ex: Color, size, etc - The Mendelian Principle of Segregation
- "Genotypes get one of each chromosome"
- Sex-linked traits (passed from mother to son)
-
Carry info on gender determination, i.e., homomones!
XX = females
XY = males - Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
-
22 are autosomal
1 pair is sex-linked - Autosomal traits
- Carry same traits on males and females; no information about gender
- Incomplete dominance
-
Heterozygous form has an immediate phenotype.
Each genotype exhibits a different phenotype (RR = red, Rr = pink, rr = white) - Codominance
-
All alleles are equally expressed.
Ex: Human blood type - Evolution
- Genetic change in a population over time
- Population
- A group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area (shared gene pool)
- Darwin's First Conclusion
-
Obs. 1: Potential growth of natural populations
Obs. 2: Natural populations are relatively consistent in size
Concl. 1: More organisms are born than actually survive and reproduce - Darwin's Second Conclusion
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Obs. 3: Individuals of a population vary in fitness
Concl. 2: Fitness determines survival resulting in natural selection - Darwin's Third Conclusion
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Obs. 4: Variation is heritable
Concl. 3: Populations change over time in their heritable make -up (genetics) - Mutation
- Rare, not goal-oriented, cumulative
- Genetic drift
- Random changes in allele frequencies, genetic bottle necks, and founder effect
- Monomer 1 = Carbohydrates
- Polymer 1 = simple sugars
- Monomer 2 = Lipids
- Polymer 2 = Fatty acids
- Monomer 3 = Proteins
- Polymer 3 = Amino acids
- Monomer 4 = Nucleic acids
- Polymer 4 = Nucleotides