Anthropology Final
Terms
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- Pictoral art?
- Some sort of picture: painting, drawing, sketch, or carving
- Aesthetic way of approaching to study pictoral art?
- focuses on how things are predicted
- Narrative way of approaching to study pictoral art?
- on what things are predicted
- Interpretive way of approaching to study pictoral art?
- - can reveal the meanings of another people’s art; requires knowledge of symbols and beliefs of the people responsible for the art
- Ethnicity?
- identification with an ethnic group; based on cultural similarities and differences in a society or nation
- Ethnic Group?
- one among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region; members share certain beliefs and values because of their common background
- Multiculturalism?
- the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable (valuable and worth maintaining)
- Race?
- an ethnic group in the minority; assumed to have a biological basis (distinctively shared genes)
- Descent?
- social identity based on ancestry
- Hypodescent?
- children assigned to same group as minority parent, even if the ethnicity is half and half between parents
- Foraging?
- Collecting wild foods instead of producing food; foraging for plant foods, hunting animals, and fishing
- Horticulture?
- Plant cultivation using simple tools and small plots of land; relies solely on human power for production; a lot of work and complexity
- Pastoralism?
- Keeping domesticated animals and relying on their products for food sources; often nomadic
- Agricultural Societies?
- Production of food using animal or mechanical power; more intense than horticulture; using some form of irrigation; commonly used around the world
- Industrialization?
- Production of food using complex machinery and technologies; most productive and intense form of food production
- Cultural Ecology?
- also known as ecological anthropology; is the study of how humans adapt to their environments by way of cultural mechanism
- Band?
- Temporary, linked to trade networks, associated with foraging
- Tribe?
- Larger settlements, a few more regulatory problems, associated with horticulturalists
- Chiefdom?
- Permanent, more complex community regulation, associated with agricultural societies
- States?
- Population control, laws, police, military, taxes
- ⬢ Why are goods exchanged in non-industrialized societies?
- o Not always for economical reasons, but sometimes exchange of prestige items is to strengthen social & political relationships.
- Market exchange?
- buying selling, and valuation based on supply and demand
- Reciprocity?
- principles governing exchanges among social groups; found in foraging societies
- What are the three types of reciprocity?
- Generalized, balanced, negative
- Redistribution?
- flow of goods into center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdom
- Plural Society?
- a society combining ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups (the different groups manage to work together to use the environment)
- Why are goods exchanged in non-industrialized societies?
- Not always for economical reasons, but sometimes exchange of prestige items is to strengthen social & political relationships.
- What is a class based society?
- Status can be achieved
- What is a caste based society?
- Status given at birth; person’s rank is unchangeable
- What is the difference between sex and gender?
- Sex is determined, gender is constructed
- How do we measure social inequality?
- Wealth, power, prestige
- Gender stratification?
- unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting different positions in the social hierarchy
- Transvestites?
- (cross dressing) wearing clothes normally associated with the other gender--usually not connected with homosexuality
- Transsexuals?
- People who feel they are “trapped in the wrong bodyâ€
- Nuclear families?
- Husbands and wives must work out their own solutions to the problems of living together and having children.
- Extended families?
- Decisions are made by an older individual whose views may not coincide with those of younger family members.
- Cross-cousins?
- mother’s brother’s children; father’s sister’s children
- Parallel cousins?
- mother’s sister’s children; father’s brother’s children
- Unilineal descent?
- People trace their ancestry through either their father’s or mother’s line (not both)
- Patrilineal descent?
- Male members trace descent from a common male ancestor
- Matrilineal descent?
- Descent traced through the female line
- What is art?
- Art is the creative use of the human imagination to interpret, express, and enjoy life
- Ethnomusicology?
- The study of music in specific cultural settings
- Verbal art?
- oral traditions: a culture’s unwritten stories, beliefs, and customs
- Music art?
- form of communication that includes a nonverbal component
- Lineage kinship groups?
- A unilineal descent group of up to 10 generations in depth
- Clan?
- A group of kin where members believe they are related through a common ancestor, but can\'t be traced back step-by-step
- Phratry?
- Descent groups made up of two or more clans; they are rare and don\'t usually share important day-to-day functions
- Moiety?
- Societies divided into two major lineal descent groups; each half is called a moiety
- What are the three nonunilineal descent groups?
- Double descent, ambilineal, and bilateral
- Monogamy?
- Marriage between one man and one woman; most marriages
- Polygyny?
- Marriage of one man and more than one wife; 80% of cultures accept this
- Polyandry?
- Marriage of one woman and more than one husband; extremely rare
- Is incest taboo a human universal?
- Yes
- Exogamy?
- the practice of seeking a husband or wife outside one\'s own group
- Endogamy?
- marriage of people from the same group
- Arranged marriages?
- the interests of the families are stronger than the interests of the individuals when it comes to choosing a spouse; it is believed that marriage is a union of two kin groups, rather than two individuals
- Same-sex marriages?
- not all recognized marriages occur between a man and a woman; in some societies, same-sex marriages are permitted, although sexual relationships are not always part of the marriage
- Bride Price?
- compensation given from the family of the groom to the family of the bride
- Bride Service?
- in societies where wealth cannot be gathered for a bride price, the groom is expected to work for a period for the bride’s family
- Dowry?
- involves the transfer of goods from the pride’s family to the groom’s
- Ritual?
- that is formal, stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped; it is performed earnestly as a social act and reinforced with social interaction
- Spirituality?
- the realm outside the observable world
- Animism?
- the belief in spirits or souls; a belief that natural objects are animated by spirits (this belief can take diverse forms)
- Animatism?
- a belief in a supernatural power apart from “beings\"
- Mana?
- Example of aimatism; an impersonal supernatural force of “good†and “bad†luck; a force (not spirit) that is in same things and not in others—can act as an explanation
- Spirits? Two types of spirits?
- Supernatural beings (or elements) of lesser power than gods: regular and ancestor spirits
- Regular spirits?
- supernatural beings that interact with humans in many ways (good, evil, specific, and general)
- Ancestor spirits?
- supernatural beings that were once humans; very common; some interact with humans, some do not
- What type of gods are in food producing societies?
- Anthropomorphic
- What type of gods are in foraging societies?
- Zoomorphic (or natural phenomena)
- Magic?
- techniques involving the supernatural intended to accomplish specific aims
- Sorcery?
- materials and objects to do magic
- Witchcraft?
- using thought and emotion to do magic
- Shamans?
- Usually male and part-time religious specialist; usually given high status within the community
- Witches/Sorcerers?
- Make bad things happen; given low status in community or even outcast; either male or female
- Mediums?
- Generally female; part-time practitioners
- Priests?
- Full-time practitioners; usually male; given high status
- Individualistic Cults?
- Most basic type of religious oragnization; a \"do-it-yourself\" religion; associated with hunter/gatherer bands
- Shamanistic Cults?
- Simplest form of religion division of labor; associated with hunter/gather bands
- Communal Cults?
- Groups of people that perform religious ceremonies for larger community; associated with horticulturalists and pastoralists
- Rites of passage?
- ceremonies that mark a change in a person’s social status…birth, puberty, marriage, death
- Rites of solidarity?
- ceremonies which are directed to the welfare of the community vs the individual
- Ecclesiastical cults?
- Most complex form of religious organization; found in large-scale state societies