Patho Ch 14 & 19 Blood/immunity
Terms
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- The hematopoietic system encompasses
-
all of the blood cells and their precursors
the bone marrow
lymphoid tissues - referred to as the hematocrit.
- The lower layer (approximately 42% to 47% of the whole-blood volume) contains the erythrocytes, or red blood cells
- the buffy layer
- The intermediate layer (approximately 1 %) containing the leukocytes
- the plasma comprises approximately ? of the total volume.
- 55%
- What is the composition of plasma
-
90% to 91 % water
6.5% to 8% proteins (albumin,globulin,fibrinogen)
2% other small molecular substances - what do the alpha globulins
- transport bilirubin and steroids
- what do the beta globulins do
- transport iron and copper
- what are the gamma globulins
- constitute the antibodies of the immune system
- normal WBC count
- 4.4-11.3 K
- normal platelet count
- 150 -400k
- normal Hgb count
-
14-16K for men
12-14K for women - Less than this number of neutrophils puts you at high risk of infection
- <1000
- precursor to platelets
- megakaryocytes
- Coagulation cascade
-
prothrombin
thrombin
fibrinogen
fibrin
Clot - what is lymphoma
- uncontrolled lymph node proliferation
- characteristics of Innate ( Nonspecific ) Immunity
-
Responses are Broad-Spectrum (non-specific)
There is no memory or lasting protective immunity
There is a limited repertoire of recognition molecules - primary (central)organs of the lymphoid system:
-
bone marrow
thymus gland - secondary (peripheral) organs of the lymphoid system
- adenoids, tonsils, spleen lymph nodes, Peyer's patches
- Function of Helper T cells (CD4+)
-
Regulatory cells that direct the immune response
secrete lymphokines that stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow and divide, attract neutrophils, and enhance the ability of macrophages to engulf and destroy microbes - Function of suppressor T cells
- inhibit the production of cytotoxic T cells once they are unneeded
- Function of killer T cells (CD8+)
- release lymphotoxins which cause cell lysis
- The antibodies inactivate antigens by
-
complement fixation neutralization
agglutination
precipitation - the only antibody that can cross the placental barrier
- IgG
- the dominant antibody produced in primary immune responses
- IgM
- This antibody dominates in secondary immune responses
- IgG (ie exposure to an organism after vaccination)
- The principal cells of the immune system
-
lymphocytes
APCs
effector cells - APCs
-
macrophages
dendritic cells - MHC Class II molecules are found only these cells
- macrophages, dendritic cells, activated T cells, B cells, APCs
- where are MHC class I molecules are found
- on almost every nucleated cell of the body. They present antigens to CD8 cytotoxic T cells
- what is tumor necrosis factor
- cytokine involved in systemic inflammation
- Cells involved in specific (adaptive) immunity which is not present at birth; it is acquired
- Lymphocytes,dendritic cells,but also antibodies, cytokines, and the complement system
- the inflammatory responses of the body
-
dolor - pain
calor - heat
rubor - redness
tumor - swelling - Antihypertensive agents
-
A
ACE inhibitors
Alpha blockers
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
B
Beta blockers
C
Calcium channel blockers
D
Diuretics - Function of IL 1
-
activates endothelium and lymphocytes
induces fever and acute phase response
stims neutrophil production - Function of IL2
-
Growth factor for activated T cells
induces synthesis of other cytokines
activates cytotoxic T and NK cells - Function of TNF
-
induces inflammation, fever, and acute phase response
activates neutrophils and endothelial cells
kills cells through apoptosis - inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid.
- Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
- What do prostaglandins do?
- promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
- what do leukotrienes do?
- cause the symptoms of hayfever and asthma, act by mediating immediate hypersensitivity
- Non-painful nodes are assoc. with (inflammatory process? or neoplasms?)
- neoplasms; painful nodes with inflammatory processes
- What is the main purpose of inflammation
- to bring fluid, proteins, and cells from the blood into the damaged tissues
- The inflammatory mediators
-
Histamine
Plasma proteases(kinins, complement proteins, and clotting factors)
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes
Platelet activating factors
cytokines - Function of bradykinin
- causes increased capillary permeability and pain
- This type of immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response
- Naturally acquired active immunity
- this type of immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen
- Artificially acquired active immunity
- This type of immunity is achieved by injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient's cells. Usually short-term immunization.
- Artificially acquired passive immunity
- this type of immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream
- Naturally acquired passive immunity
- Lymphocyte Sub-Classes
-
B-Lymphocytes-Differentiate into plasma cells;
Plasma cells release specific antibodies
T-Lymphocytes-Response to viral infection, cancer, foreign cells
Natural Killer Cells-Attack cancer cells and cells infected with virus - Myeloid lines
-
Erythroblasts (develop into erythrocytes)
Myeloblasts (develop into Granulocytes)
Megakaryocyte (develop into platelets - Normal blood cell levels
-
Hct - 41 to 50%
Hgb - 13.6 to 17.7 g/dl
RBC - 4.4 to 5.9 in 10^6/ul
WBC - 4.5 to 11.0k - the leading cause of blindness in the United States today for those over the age of fifty years
- Macular degeneration
- Symptoms of Ménière's disease
-
dizziness
tinnitus
hearing loss, usually in one ear - what causes meniere's disease
- an increase in volume and pressure of the endolymph of the inner ear
- antibodies are not produced by the the person's own cells, it is achieved either by injection of antibodies or by mother to baby transfer.
- passive immunity
- antibodies are produced by the the person's own cells, either by exposure to a live pathogen or a vaccine
- Active immunity
- results in cytolysis by disrupting the target cell's plasma membrane; consists of more than 35 soluble and cell-bound proteins
- Complement system
- supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, stomach, abdominal oesophagus, spleen and the superior half of both the duodenum and the pancreas
- The celiac artery
- The branches of the celiac trunk
-
left gastric artery
common hepatic artery
splenic artery. - Right sided H.F can cause these conditions
- JVD, pulmonary edema, hepatomegaly, ascites
- Left sided H.F can cause these conditions
- Angina, SOB, diaphoresis, cold clammy skin, fatigue, syncopy, confusion, DOE, tachycardia
- most common cause of right sided H.F
- Left sided H.F
- Scarlet Fever and streptococcal infections can lead to this
- Rheumatic heart disease which can lead to carditis and AV blocks
- most common cause of myocarditis and pericarditis
- viral infections
- what is cardiomyopathy
- a generalized enlargement of the endocardium
- Primary HTN risk factors
-
obesity
smoking
genetics
race
diet
metabolic syndrome - Cerebral circulation
-
two internal carotid arteries
two vertebral arteries - This artery supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum
- Inferior messenteric
- this artery supplies the intestine from the duodenum and pancreas to the left colic flexure
- Superior messenteric
- what is ejection fraction
- a measurement of the heart's efficiency and can be used to estimate the function of the left ventricle, which pumps blood to the rest of the body
- Abdominal aorta
-
begins at aortic hiatus (T12)
ends at L4 where it divides into the iliac arteries - Function of T cells
-
kill virus and cancer infected cells.
responsible for the rejection of tissue and organ grafts - Function of lymphokines
- lymphokines call into play many other cells and substances, including the elements of the inflammatory response. They encourage cell growth, promote cell activation, direct cellular traffic, destroy target cells, and incite macrophages
- which layer of blood contains WBCs and platelets
- Buffy coat
- this type of WBC > in number during parasitic infections
- Eosinophils
- bones in which bone marrow is mostly found
- pelvis, ribs, and sternum
- normal RBC count for women
- 3.6 - 5.0 million
- normal RBC count for men
- 4.2-5.4 million
- hormone-like factors that stimulate hematopoeisis
- cytokines
- Normal ESR
- 0-10 mm/hr
- what are prostacyclins
- a vasodilator that inhibits platelet aggregation
- a vasoconstrictor released by platelets
- thromboxane A2
- malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
- carcinoma
- malignant tumor of messenchymal tissue
- sarcomas