Patho Ch 29 Resp Function
Terms
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- the 2 parts of the respiratory system
-
the conducting airways
the respiratory tissues of the lungs - what does the conducting airways consist of?
- the nasal passages, mouth and pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
-
this part of the resp. system is made up of: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
goblet cells
cilia - The conducting airways
- function of the lungs
-
gas exchange
inactivate bradykinin
convert Angio I to Angio II - the conducting airways are supplied with blood by?
- the bronchial circulation
- Is the intrapleural pressure is always (negative or positive) in relation to alveolar pressure?
- always negative in relation to alveolar pressure
- the normal breath sounds
-
Bronchial
Vesicular
Bronchovesicular - abnormal breathsounds
-
adventitious:
rhonchi
wheezes
rales
crackles - which lung cells are involved in gas exchange
- Type I alveolar cells
- which lung cells produce surfactanct?
- Type II alveolar cells
- what is tidal volume
- the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs during a normal breath, usually around 500ml
- what is the residual volume
-
the air thatremains in the lungs after forced expiration; about 1200ml.
The RV increases with age - MCC of community acquired pneumonia
- Strep Pneumonia (gram +)
- MCC of nosocomial acquired pneumonia
- Pseudomonas (gram -)
- S/Sx of strep pneumonia
- rapid onset, productive cough, pleuritic pain, fever
- name the 4 types of bronchogenic carcinoma
-
Small cell
Non-small cell:
adeno
large cell
squamous cell - organism responsible for the pneumonia assoc. with the highest morbidity & mortality in the world
- TB
- MCC of exudative pleural effusion
- Pneumonia, TB (infectious)
- MCCs of transudative pleural effusion
-
CHF, renal failure, cirrhosis;
dysfunction of large metabolic organs - Clubbing of the fingers suggest?
- chronic lung disease; related to hypoxemia
- the vaccine given to prevent epiglotitis
- HIB - Hemophylis Influenza B
- MC Bacterias assoc. with sinusitis
-
pneumococcus, M.cataralis, Hemophylis, pseudomonas;
these can also cause otitis media - Tx for COPD
-
corticoid steroids
B-adrenergics - the term for pus in the pleural space
- Empyema
- some causes of pleural effusion
- pancreatitis, TB, cancer, pneumonia, uremia
- how does left-sided H.F affect the lungs
- increases pulmonary venous pressure leading to acumulation of blood in the pulmonary capillary bed and causing pulmonary edema
- what happens to the blood vessels in the pulmonary circulation when they are exposed to hypoxia
- they vasoconstrict; this also occurs when the pH is low
- what happens in a physiologic shunt?
- there is mismatching of ventilation and perfusion
- what happens in an anatomic shunt?
- blood moves from the venous to the arterial side of the circulation without moving through the lungs
- Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is increased by which factors?
-
> pH
<carbon dioxide concentration
< temperature - 3 ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
- dissolved carbon dioxide (10%), attached to hemoglobin (30%), and as bicarbonate (60%).
- these conditions favor the release of oxygen into the tissues
-
< pH
> temperature
> PCO2 - The 2 receptors that control the automatic regulation of ventilation
- chemoreceptors and lung receptors
- these chemoreceptors sense changes in blood carbon dioxide content
- Central Chemoreceptors: located in medulla, they are bathed in CSF. H+ ions in CSF provide stimulus
- where are the peripheral chemoreceptors found?
- in the carotid and aortic bodies, which are found at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries and in the arch of the aorta,
- The 3 types of lung receptors
- stretch, irritant, and juxtacapillary receptors