A&P Finals
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- The CNS is compresed of the...
- Brain and Spinal cord
- Between the brain and spinal cord, which one is more complex and responds to stimuli with greater versatilit?
- The brain
- What are 2 reasons why the brain is so complex and versatile?
-
1) Number of neurons and neuronal pools.
2) Complexity of interconnetions between neurons and neuronal pools. - In the CNS, adapting to environment changes requires what?
- Multipel processing
- The multiple processing required by the CNS to adapt to environment changes creates a _____ between stimulus and response
- Delay
- _____ allows us to respond immediatly giving the brain time to decided what do do next.
- Spinal Reflexes
- Brain size can vary in size but size of brain is the main determinace of intelligence. True or flase. If, flase explain.
- False, brain size doesn't determine intelligence.
- An adults brain weights between ___ & ____gm.
- 1450 & 1600
- What is the volume of an adult brain?
- 2100ml
- Brain growth is restricted by what?
- membranous skull
- The two main flexures do what?
- bend the brain toward the brain stem.
- Brain growth constriction also results in _______.
- convolutions
- At 5 weeks what 2 areas of a fetus' developing brain are the main 2 flexures?
- Midbrain & Cervical
- What are the 4 regions of the brain?
-
1)Cerebrum
2)Diencephalon
3)Brainstem
4)Cerebellum - What are the 3 functions of the Cerebrum?
-
1)conscious, intellectual processes
2)Memory storage
3)Movement of skeletal muscles (both conscious & unconsious) - What are the 2 areas of the brain in the Diencephalon region?
-
1)Thalamus
2)Hypothalamus - What is the relaying and processing center for sensory information?
- Thalamus
- What are the 3 funtions of the Hypothalmus?
-
1)controls emotion
2)autonomic funtion
3)hormone production - What are the 3 strutures that make up the brain stem?
-
1)mesencephalon
2)pons
3)medulla oblongata - What are the 3 funtions of the mesencephalon?
-
1)processing visual and auditory info.
2)generating reflex somatic motor response
3)maintains consiciousness. - What are of the brain tells the brain to stay awake?
- mesencephalon
- What are the 2 funtions of the Pons?
-
1)Relays sensory info to the cerebellum and thalmus
2)subconsious somatic and visceral motor centers. - The Pons relays sensory info to what 2 areas of the brain?
-
1)cerebellum
2)thalmus - The pons is in controll of the subconsious _____ and ____ motor centers.
- somatic and visceral
- What are the 2 funtions of the medulla oblongata?
-
1)Relays sensory info to the thalmus and other parts of the brainstem
2)Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral funtion. - What are the 3 areas of Visceral funtion?
-
1)cardiovascular
2)respiratory
3)digestive - What are the 2 funtions of th cereellum?
-
1)Coordinats complex somatic motor patters
2)Adjust output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord. - Ventricles are continuous with...
- the central cavity of the spinal cord
- Ventricles are fluid-filled; what is the name of the fluid?
- cerebrospinal fluid
- The lining of the ventricals is called ____,because they are lined by ______cells.
- ependyma, ependymal
- _____ connect ventricles to the fluid-filled space that surrounds the brain.
- Apratures
- What is the name of the fluid filled space that surrounds the brain?
- subarachnoid space
- What are the 3 venricles?
-
1)lateral
2)third
3)fourth - what are the 2 apertures?
-
1)lateral
2)median - The cerebal hemispheres are the superior part of the brain, and it fits loosely in the skull to allow "wiggle room". True or flase, if flase explain?
- False, fits snuggly in the skull
- The brain is divided into 5 lobes, what are they?
-
1)Frontal
2)Parietal
3)Temporal
4)Occiptial
5)Isula - What is the cortex of the brain made of?
- gray matter
- What is a fissure?
- A deep sulcus
- The Cerebral cortex is the site of ...
- conscious thought and intellectual funtion
- The cerbral cortex accounts for what percent of the brain's total mass?
- 40%
- How thick is the cerbral cortex?
- 2-4mm
- The cerebral cortex is comprised of what 3 things?
-
1)neuron cell bodies
2)dendrites
3)unmyelinatd axons - What are the 3 regions of the cerebrum?
-
1)Cortex of gray matter
2)white matter
3)basal nuclei - A late 1800's anaomists mapped subtle variations in thickness and sturture, and created a structural map with areas that are called ___________.
- Broadmann's areas
- The cerebral cortex has 3 funtional areas, what are they?
-
1)Motor area
2)Sensory area
3)association area - What is the funtion of the motor area?
- control voluntary motor funtion.
- where is the motor area in th brain?
- posterior part of the frontal lobe
- What is the funtion of the sensory area?
- provide conscious awareness of sensaton
- what 3 areas make up the sensory area?
-
1)parietal lobe
2)temporal lobe
3)occipital lobe - What is th funtion of the association area?
- act to integrate diverse info for purpusful action
- _________ is term that means that each hemisphere is concerned with the sensory and motor funtions of the opposite side.
- conralateral
- The two hemispheres are not exactly equal in funtion, true of false, explain if false?
- true
- What 2 things make the hemispheres unequal in funtion?
-
1)laerization
2)specializaion - No funtional area works alone, true or false, explain if false?
- true
- Does conscious behavior involve the entire cortex?
- Yes
- What are the 8 areas of the the brain that are motor areas?
-
1)Primary motor area
2)premotor cortex
3)frontal eye field
4)Broca's area
5)prefrontal cortex
6)wernick's area
7)cinulate gyrus
8)parahippocampel gyrus - What are the 5 areas of the brain that are sensory areas?
-
1)Somatic senation area
2)taste area
3)vision area
4)hearing area
5)primary olfactory cortex - What 2 parts of the brain make up the somatic sensation area?
-
1)primary somatosensory cortex
2)somatosenory association area - What part of the brain makes up the taste area?
- Gustatory cortex in insula
- What 2 parts of the brain make up the vision area?
-
1)Primary vision cortex
2)viusual association area - What 2 parts of the brain make up the hearing area?
-
1)Audiotory association area
2)Primary audiotory cortex - What are the 2 funtions of Multimodal Association areas?
-
1)to direct extremely complex motor activities.
2)to perform complicated analytical funtions - What is the sturtural map of the Broadmann's areas called?
- a motor and sensory homunculi
- ______ is the division of labor between hemispheres?
- Lateralization
- Lateralizaition of cortical functioning is needed because each hemispehre has unique abilites not shared by the other, true or false ,exlain if false?
- True
- An example of cerebral dominance is normally the left side is "dominate for language", true or false, explain if false?
- True
- Communication between hemispheres is perfect and almost instantaneous due to...
- connecting fiber tracts as well as complete functional integration
- What is the funtion of white matter?
- To provide communication between hemispheres
- What is white matter made of?
- Mainly myelinated nerve fiber bundled into tracts
- What are 3 fibers/tracts found in white matter?
-
1)commissures
2)association fibers
3)projecton fibers - what are commiussures?
- A tract of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the spinal cord or brain
- Eventhough its funtion is elusive due to overlap with the cerebrum, what are the 3 funtions of the Basal nuclei?
-
1)role in motor control
2)regulate attention and congnition
3)performing several activites at once (multi-tasking) - the basal nuclei plays a role in ____ control.
- motor
- What are the basal nuclei's 3 roles in motor control?
-
1)starting
2)stopping
3)intensity - The Diencephalon plays a vitial role in...
- Intergrating conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands
- The Diencephalon consists of what 3 areas of the brain?
-
1)thalamus
2)hypothalmus
3)epithalamus - That sturuture of the brain makes up the largest portion of the diencephalon?
- Thalamus
- The thalamus has ____ walls of the 3rd ventricle.
- superolateral
- The thalamus has many different nuclei that...
- perform special funtions, receive afferent impulses from all senses ad parts of the body
- The thalamus has funtional specialty, true or false, explain if false.
- true
- the ______is where info is sorted and edited here, then sent on the respective sensory cortex areas.
- thalamus
- Essetially all inputs ascending to cerebral cortex run through the ______.
- thalamus
- ________ is the main visceral control center and essential to overall body homeostasis.
- hypothalamus
- What are the 7 homeostatic roles of the hypothalamus?
-
1)autonomic control centers
2)center of emotional response
3)body temp. regulaton
4)food intake regualtion
5)water intake/thirst regulaton
6)sleep-wake cycle regulation
7)control endocrince system funtion - The hypothalmus forms _______ walls of the 3rd ventricle.
- inferolateral
- What 2 strutures make up the epithalamus?
-
1)pineal gland
2)choroid plexus - What are the 2 roles of the pineal gland?
-
1)sleep-wake cycles
2)mood - the epithalamus forms the ____ of the 3rd ventricle.
- roof
- Where is the brain stem located?
- between the cerebrum and spinal cord
- Where is the midbrain located?
- between the diencephalon and pons
- What are the 3 components of the Midbrain?
-
1)Cerebral peduncles
2)Cerebral aqueduct
3)Nuclei - What is apart of the cerebral peduncles?
- the pyramidal motor tracts
- What 3 things make up the nuclei of the midbrain?
-
1)Corpora quadrigemina
2)substantia nigra
3)red nucleus - What 2 things make up the corpora quadriemina?
-
1)Superior coliculi
2)Inferior colliculi - The pons is mainly composed of...
- conduction tracts that run in 2 directions
- What is the sturcture inside the pons?
- pontine nuclei
- What are the 3 things that the medulla contains?
-
1)pyramids
2)olives
3)nuclei - What are pyramids in the medulla?
- longitudinal ridges
- What does decussation of pyramids mean?
- they criss-cross, in an "X" fashion.
- What part of the medulla contains the autonomic reflex center?
- nuclei
- The cerebellum provides ____ and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contracton,for_____, coordinated movements and_____.
- timing, smoot,agility
- The anatomy of the cerebellum is that the cerebellar hemishpheres are connected b a _____.
- vermis
- Folia and lobes are part of the cerebellum's anatomy, true of flase?
- true
- What 3 sturtures are listed as lobes of the cerebellum?
-
1)anterior
2)posterior
3)flocculonodular - In the cerebellum, all fibers entering and leaving are ____.
- ipsilateral
- The cerebellum has a role in congitive funtion, true or flase?
- true
- The brain is a funtional grouping rather than an antomical one, true or false?
- true
- The limbic system has a medial aspect of _____ and ____.
- cereral hemishperes & dienchephalon
- The limbic system is also known as the ______ or _______ brain.
- emotional, affective
- The limbic system integras and responds to a variety of ________ stimuli.
- environmental
- In the limbic system output is relayed though the ______.
- Hypothalamus
- If the limbic system has a malfuntion in the output to the hypothalamus it causes ______.
- Pyschosomatic illness
- In reticular formation, RAS has what 2 funtions?
-
1)maintain an alert, conscious state.
2)sere as a sensory filter, by processing incoming sensory stiumulation - What are the 2 funtions of "motor arm of recticular formation"?
-
1)Contral Skeletal Muscles during course limb movement
2)Regulate viseral motor funtion - Nervous tisse is tough and can't be injured by slight pressure, true or false?
- False, Nervous tissue is delicate and can be injured b slight pressure.
- To protect delicate neural tissue 4 structures are in place to prevent damage, what are they?
-
1)bone
2)membranes
3)fluid cushion
4)blood-brain barrier - What are the 4 funtions of Meninges?
-
1)cover and protect CNS
2)protect blood vessels and enclosevenous sinuses
3)contan CSF
4)Form partitions within the skull - What are the 3 CT membranes of the meninges?
-
1)dura mater
2)arachnoid mater
3)pia mater - In meninges, the subarachnoid space is between the ______ and _____.
- arachnoid mater ad pia mater
- Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?
- in and around the brain and spinal cord
- What are the 3 funtions of cerebrospinal fluid?
-
1)cushioning
2)support
3)provides nutrient rich environment - How does cerbrospinal fluid support the brain?
- The brain floats in it, which reduces the weight that might otherwise collapse upon itself
- The arachnoid villi is apart of cerebrospinal fluid, true or false?
- true
- The Choroid plexus is apart of the formation of CSF, true or false?
- true
- When the choroid plexus hands from the roof of ventricles it forms ___.
- CSF (cerebrospianial fluid)
- The Choroid plexus represents a cluster of ...
- cpillariesenclossed by a layer of ependmal cells, supported b folds of pia mater with tight junctions.
- How much cerebrospinal fluid does the choroid plexus make in adults, how much per day, and how ofter its the entire volume replace?
- 150ml, 500ml/day, replaced every 8hrs.