Pathophysiology Test 1

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What is negative feedback?: Correcting any change from normal. Bringing the body back to homeostasis.
What is a sign?: Some that can be measured. Ex: fever Objective
Name two things that calculate a range of normal: Standard Deviation, Mathematical Average
What is a phenotype?: The expression of a gene.
What two things are examples of phenotype.: the color of your eyes, sickle cell anemia
What are intrinsic factors?: age, sex, history
Name two factors classified as intrinsic in the etiology of a disease.: genotype, medical history
Which three cell structures are the most important in the production of insulin packets.: chromosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus
What are the four cell activities most important in the inflammatory response?: chemotaxis, cytokine release, phagocytosis, lysoosomal activity
What three cell activities are particularly characteristic of specific immune responses by a B lymphocyte?: cell division, antibody production, complement activation
What two things function as opsonins?: antibodies, complement factors
What three factors are most likely responsible for producing the signs and symptoms of allergic bronchial asthma?: mast cells, antigens, antibody E
What three factors cooperate in the normal pathway for activation of the complement system?: antigens, antibody G, antibody M
What two factors most likely predispose a person to opportunistic disease?: cortisol therapy and long term antibiotics
What is etiology?: the cause of the disease
What is pathogenesis?: how the cells grow.........can be uncontrolled
What is the karyotype?: complete set of chromosomes in a person, all normal and accounted for
What is genotype?: how the gene made up?
What could go wrong in using genetic engineering to fix a gene?: You could possibly cause a new problem
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?: calor, dolor, rubor, tumor
How does calor develop?: cytokines dilate arterioles
What is the primary cause for calor?: increased bloodflow
How does dolor develop?: cytokines stimulate free nerve endings
What is the primary cause for dolor?: swelling, histamine, open wounds
How does rubor develop?: cytokines dilate arterioles
What is the primary cause for rubor?: increased bloodflow
How does tumor develop?: cytokines open capillary pores wider
What is the primary cause for tumor?: trauma
What is the significance of colony stimulating factors?: sends signals to increase WBC production during inflammation
What is the significance of complement factors?: used in pathogen activity
What is the significance of interleukins?: the stimulate the immune reaction
What is the significance of lymphokines?: A messenger, related to Antibody E that is a signaling chemical
What is the significance of memory cells?: provide quick strong response to pathogen
What is the significance of pyrogens?: chemicals that cause fever to stimulate WBC growth
Name three non-inflammatory defenses the body uses to defend itself against pathogens.: Normal flora on skin, normal urine flow, tears
What is the difference between active and passive immunization?: active: vaccination
Passive: mothers milk
What is congestion?: collection of blood
What is edema?: collection of fluid
What is a thrombus?: stationary clot
What is an emboli?: A Moving blood clot
What is ischemia?: poor blood flow w/o tissue death
What is infarct: tissue death
What is a situation in which a benign neoplasm might require medical attention?: Location, can put pressure and stop blood flow
Why do most chemotherapeutic agents used to treat cancer have potentially harmful side effects?: kill healthy cells
Discuss one mechanism for the onset of an autoimmune disease?: immune system possesses antigens that resemble a pathogen causing a reaction
Allergic bronchial asthma and signs and symptoms?: constricted swollen airways, excess mucus, air trapping, wheezing
Bronchial asthma and treatments: must immediatly open airways, avoid allergens, carry inhaler
Two distinctly different situations which would put a person at rick for opportunistic diseases: Depressed immune system (chemo, or HIV)
open wound
Name three things that best fit the pathogenesis of an infection.: cytokine release, chemotaxis, opsonin activity
Name two factors that would be extrinsic in the etiology of a disease.: nutrient deficiencies, bacteria
Name two things that are examples of a karotype: X and Y chromosomes, trisomy 21
The DNA you inherited contains assembly instructions for what?: antibodies, membrane proteins, complement factors
What two cell structures are most immediately and directly involved with a macrophage's protective role?: lysosome, cell membrane
What two cell structures are most immediately and directly involved with a lymphocyte production of antibodies?: chromosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum
What three cells are involved with the primary humoral response the first time you are exposed to a pathogen?: B lymphocyte, macrophage, T helper cell
What two factors are most directly involved in the lymphokine release so critical to cell mediated immunity?: antigen, basophil
What four factors are most critical to cytokine release in an allergy?: mast cell, antigen, antibody E, basophil
What three factors generate a type III reaction?: insulin, Antibody G and M
What two factors trigger type 4 reactions?: lanolin, cytotoxic lymphocyte
What three factors are thought to be controls on a person's immune-inflammatory activity to minimize the damage to normal cells: T suppressor cells, epinephrine, cortisol
What is homeostasis?: All bodies functioning at normal
What is hypertrophy?: increase in organ size due to increase in individual cell size
What is hyperplasia?: increase in number of cells in tissue leading to increase in size of organ
What is phenotype?: what the genes actually physically express
What in genotype?: Genetic make up - blue print
What is infarct?: poor blood flow with tissue death
What is an embolism?: moveable clot
What is neoplasia?: tumor benign or malignant from new tissue growth
What is metaplasia?: normal cell but in the wrong place
What are the four cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?: redness, heat, pain, swelling
What is the pathogenesis of redness?: cell that is damaged and releases lytokines
What is the pathogenesis of heat?: cytokines dilate arterioles, increased bloodflow
What is the pathogenesis of pain?: cytokines dilate capillaries causing swelling and tumor
What is the pathogenesis of swelling?: finally the cytokines stimulate free nerve endings causing pain
Explain the possible health significance of pyrogens.: Facilitates WBC growth
Name two distinctly different mechanisims for a person's adverse drug reaction to pcn.: anaphylaxis - life threatening
atopic - localized
What is the oncological significance of antioxidants.: help release bad toxins to slow production of harmful cells that may be cancerous
what is the oncological significance of tumor-specific antigens.: determine the severeness of the cells that may be determined benign and malignant
What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of colony-stimulating factors?: slowly boost WBC
What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of hyposensitization.: They increase the number of different antibodies
What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of interleukins?: stimulate immune reaction
What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of lymphokines?: send a signal to attack pathogen
What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of opsonins?: promote leukocytosis
What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of perforins?: CTL's poke holes in infected cells
How does the stress response affect the S/S of Type 1 hyperimmune response: if the stress leads to opinephrine it eliviates the S/S
Discuss a possible immunological therapy for CA: interleukins
What are the two diagnostic features of allergic hyperimmunity?: epinephrine, cortisol
What is the primary concern in treating immune-related skin disorders?: maintanence of the skin barrier
Name three things that would best fit the etiology of a typical infectious disease?: bacteria, genetic susceptibility, virus
Is medical history and genotype intrinsic or extrinsic factors?: Intrinsic
A chromosomal gene contains the assembly instructions for: protein
What three cellular structures are most immediately involved in making packaged protein?: rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, chromosomes
What two cellular structures are most directly involved in a phagocytes protective response to cell/tissue injury?: lysosomes, cell membrane
What three cell types are most adept at the generalizd phagocytic activity at the heart of a person's inflammatory response?: macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils
What three cell types are most critical to the primary cellular immune response?: macrophage, lymphocyte, helper cells
What are the Type III factors that generate an allergic reaction?: Antibody G, M and penicillin
What are the Type I factors that generate an allergic reaction?: Antiboy E, basophil, penicillin
Discuss the difficulty inherent in fixing a defective gene which produces a disease state: create a side effect that could be just as diminishing as the first

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