patho study guide
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- the sequence of structures through which urine passes as it leaves the body
-
1) minor calyx
2) major calyx
3) renal pelvis
4) ureter
5) urinary bladder
6) urethra - the functional unit of the human kidney is
- nephron
- one feature of the renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that:
- there are 2 sets of capillaries
- What condition has the opposite effect on urine production?
- decreased solutes in blood
- a relatively high BP in the glomerulus of the kideney is maintained because:
- the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole
- the capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body becuase they:
- branch from and drain into arterioles
- What are the functions of the kidney?
-
1) water volume control
2) blood pressure control
3) conversion of vit. D to an active form - Is urine storage one of the functions of the kidney?
- No!
- potassium is secreted and reabsorbed by:
- proximal convulted tubule
- the primary receptors sensitive to the oncotic pressure of blood are found in the:
- hypothalamus
- water reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate initially enters:
- vasa recta
- plasma contains a much greater concentration of ____ than the glomerular filtrate
- protein
- an increase in water permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct is due to:
- an increase in the production of ADH
- the descending loop of the nephron allows:
- sodium diffusion inward
- Which pressures affect net glomerular filtration?
- blood hydrostatic opposes capsular hydrostatic and blood oncotic
- tubular secretion is accomplished in the:
- distal convoluted tubule
- tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion deffer in that:
-
1) secretion adds material to the filtrate
2) reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate - the kideneys eliminate
- H, NH4+
- if a small person excretes about 1L of urine during a 24 hr period, estimate the total amount of glomerular filtrate formed
- 100 L (???)
- What should not appear in the glomerular filtrate (in any significant quantity) just after the process of glomerular filtration has been accomplished?
- protein
- loop of Henle is to vasa recta as convoluted tubules are to the:
- peritubular capillaries
- the 2 "currents" used in the countercurrent exchange system are the:
- ascending and descending limbs
- the countercurrent exchange system
- facilitates osmosis
- a waste product of protein metabolism is:
- urea
- glomerular filtration
- is the fisrt step in urine formation
- tubular reabsorption
-
1) retains substances that are needed by the body (water, glucose, Na, K, HCO3)
2) removes materials from the filtrate and returns them to the blood - tubular secretion
-
1) excretes chemicals that are not needed by the body (H, some AAs, urea, creatinine, some drugs)
2) adds material to the filtrate from the blood - the digestive functions performed by the saliva and salivary amylase are:
- lubrication and carbohydrate digestion
- during nervous control of gastric secretion, the gastric glands secrete before food enters the stomach. This stimulus to the glands comes from:
- parasympathetic impulses over the vagus nerve
- pepsinogen
-
1) must be activated by HCl
2) is secreted by the chief cells
3) is important in the breakdown of proteins - beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the GI tract is:
- mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
- normally, when chyme leaves the stomach:
- the proteins have been partly digested
- which layer of the small intestine includes microvilli?
- mucosa
- Is conversion of protein molecules into AAs a type of mechanical digestion?
- No!
- mechanical digestion
-
1) chewing
2) churning and mixing of food in the stomach
3) peristalsis and mastication - pancreatic juice is to trypsin as gastric juice is to:
- pepsin
- Which part of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus?
- jejunum
- among the structural features of the small intestine are villi, microvilli, and circular folds. Their function is to:
- increase the surface area for absorption
- teh fate of carbohydrates in the small intestine is:
- digestion by amylase, sucrase, maltase, and lactase to monosaccharide
- the absorptive fate of the end products of digestion may be summarized as:
- AAs and monosaccharides are absorbed into blood capillaries; most fatty acids are absorbed into lymph
- a lobule of the liver contains a centrally located:
- vein, with radiating hepatocytes and sinusoids
- an obstraction of the common bile duct would cause the blockage of bile comming from:
- both the liver and the gallbladder
- the human adult liver does not:
- produce erythrocytes
- liver
-
1) store glycogen
2) convert ammonia to urea
3) produce blood coagulation proteins - the chyme that enters the large intestine is converted to feces by activity of:
- bacteria and water reabsorption
- the diaphysis is the:
- shaft of a long bone
- motor unit includes
-
1) muscle fibers
2) motor nerve axons
3) anterior horn cell
4) lower motor neuron - the perimysium is to a fasciculus as the:
- periosteum is to a bone
- What protein is found in the thick myofilaments?
- myosin
- an important function of the transverse tubule is to:
- carry the electrical action potential deeper into the muscle fiber
- the ion necessary for coupling is:
- calcium
- the strength of muscle contraction depends on the:
-
1) extent of the load
2) initial length of muscle fibers
3) recruitment of additional motor units
4) nerve innervation ratios - attempting to push an object that is too heavy to move is an example of which kind of contraction?
- isometric
- sarcomere
- stacks of myofilaments; unit of contraction
- sarcolemma
- membrane that covers the muscle fiber
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- calcium transport system
- Volkmann canals
- contains blood vessels
- trabecula
- irregular meshwork
- lamellae
- concentric rings