Pathology II - Inflammation
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- What kind of immunity dominates acute inflammation? What cells are most prominent?
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*Innate immunity
*Neutrophils - What kind of immunity dominates chronic inflammation What cell types are most prominent?
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*cell-mediated immunity
*mononuclear cells (lymphs, plasma cells, monos) - Which has a more prominant vascular response - chronic or acute inflammation?
- Acute inflammation
- Name 3 causes of acute inflammation.
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1. Microbial infection
2. Tissue necrosis
3. Physical agents (heat, cold, trauma)
4. Chemical irritants
5. Immune-mediated hypersensivity - Name 3 causes of chronic inflammation.
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1. Persistent tissue injury
2. Resistant microorganisms
3. Foreign bodies
4. Autoimmune disorders
5. Primary granulomatous disease - Name 3 outcomes of inflammation.
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1. Abscess
2. Persistent inflammation
3. Resolution
4. Fibrosis - What are the four signs of acute inflammation listed by Celsus?
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1. Rubor - redness
2. Tumor - swelling
3. Calor - heat
4. Dolor - pain - One of the major manifestations of acute inflammation is its effects on vasculature. What are these effects?
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*arteriolar dilation
*increased pressure in arterioles and veins
*increased permeability
*decreased oncotic pressure due to protein leakage
*extravasation of fluid - What is the difference between effusion and edema?
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*edema: fluid in extravascular compartment and interstitium
*effusion: fluid in body cavities - Name one way that vascular permeability increases in acute inflammation.
- Endothelial cells contract to allow gaps.
- What is transudate? What is its specific gravity?
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*Edema fluid with a low protein count
*<1.015 - What is exudate? What is its specific gravity?
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*edema fluid with a high protein count
*>1.015 - There are three kinds of exudate - what are they?
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1. Serous exudate - acellular
2. Fibrinous exudate - high fibrin content
3. Purulent exudate - high cell content - Suppurative inflammation features purulent exudate with ________.
- liquefactive necrosis (pus)
- What are two actions of plasmin?
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1. Induces fibrinolysis
2. Activates complement - Name three cell-derived mediators of edema.
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1. Arachidonic acid metabolites
2. Platelet activating factor
3. serotonin
4. histamine
5. prostacyclin - What occurs in the second phase of acute inflammation?
- accumulation of leukocytes
- What are the 4 steps of inflammatory cell recruitment?
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1.Margination
2.Adherence
3.Emigration
4.Chemotaxis or haptotaxis - The initial recruitment of what cell type is dependent on the presence of chemotaxins C5a and LTB4?
- Neutrophils
- Name two molecules that allow adhesion of inflammatory cells to vascular endothelium.
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1.B2-integrins
2.ICAM-1 - What is the difference between haptotaxis and chemotaxis?
- Haptotaxis involves migration along a fixed insoluble chemokine gradient.
- What are the main bacteriocidal substances inside neutrophils?
- Activated oxygen species (superoxide anion, H2O2, other radicals)
- Name two diseases caused in part by acute inflammation.
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*rheumatoid arthritis
*emphysema -
T/F:
Acute and chronic inflammation are usually mutually exclusive. - False: The time frames of chronic and acute inflammation usually overlap.
- What respiratory bacterial pathogen frequently causes chronic inflammation?
- Mycobacterium (TB)