OSHA FINAL EXAM
Terms
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- What happened to the Vikings football player in 2001?
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- Cory Stringer was a 27 year old and died
- 108.8 degrees, organs failed
- OSU graduate
- heat related problems - Which type of thermal hazard happens faster?
- cold stress
- What is heat stress?
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- the net heat load that a worker is exposed to
heat loss < heat gain...experience heat stress - What is heat strain?
- psysiological response to heat stress
- What is heat load?
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Metabolic heat
Environmental: machinery, air temp, clothing - What does a WBGT stand for & do?
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Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
- actual heat load on workers in work setting
- air temp, humidity, radient heat - What are the levels of heat stress?
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1. heat stress
2. heat stroke
3. heat exhaustion - What temperatures is a person at risk of heat stress?
- 80-85 degrees fahrenheit
- What is the Q10 Effect?
- 1 degree C increase = 10% metabolic increase
- What does ACGIH stand for and what do they do?
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American Council of Governmental Hygenists
set limits on heat stress
can work up to oral body temp of 101 degrees - What are some of the sympathetic nervous system effects of heat stress?
- vessel dilation, increased heart rate, less blood to muscles, sweating varies
- What are some of the individual differences related to heat stress?
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Age: older adults more at risk
Gender: females more at risk (more body fat)
Physical Fitness: sedentary more at risk
Alcohol: drink more, more at risk - What are some of the physical performance effects associated with heat stress?
- fatigue, distraction, increase in unsafe behaviors, social & cognitive tunneling
- What is PM and what does it involve?
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Perceptual Motor
use of eye/hand coordination (dials/buttons) - What are the PM & Cognitive Effects of Heat Stress?
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complex tasks requiring verbal reasoning, time sharing, difficult target detections, fine motor movements...
decrements start at 85 degrees, b'c of social/cognitive tunneling - Describe some priority framework solutions for Heat Stress...
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Design Out: temp management, ventilation
Guard Against: shelter
Warn: visuals, coaches
Train: acclimation, rest breaks, hydration, buddy system - What is the heat stress 4 Day Rule for climate acclimation?
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Day 1: 50% of time can be spent in climate
Day 2: 60%
Day 3: 80%
Day 4: 100%
monitor oral temp, sweating, visual - What temperature puts a person at risk to cold stress?
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skin temp: -32 degrees Celsius or less
internal temp: 96.8 degrees Fahrenheit - What are some physiological effects of cold stress?
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-vasoconstriction in skin, legs, arms
-shivering - What are some of the consequences of the physiological effects from cold stress?
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-frostbite
-hypothermia
-lowered metabolic rate -
What core body temperature puts person at risk of hypothermia?
risk of a coma? -
91.1 degrees fahrenheit
86 degrees fahrenheit - What are some performance effects of cold stress?
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Physical: loss of motor coordination, endurance, slower reaction time
Cognitive: research is inconclusive - Using the priority framework, describe hazard controls for cold stress.
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Design: robotic equipment
Guard: rest breaks in warm areas
Warn: visual reminders
Train: observation & buddy system -
What is the most important factor related to burns?
List some other factors. -
* depth to which burn penetrates
location, age, amount of burned area - What is BSA?
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body surface area
>75% usually fatal - Describe burn classifications by degree.
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1st: minor (sunburn)
2nd: blisters, little/no scarring (210 degrees w/ 15s of contact)
3rd: dangerous/fatal, penetrates epidermis/dermis - Describe burns by degree & BSA percent
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Minor: 1st degree, 2nd degree with <15% BSA, 3rd degree with <2% BSA
Moderate: 2nd degree 15%+ BSA, 3rd degree <10% & not on hands, feet, face
Critical: 2nd degree with >30% BSA, 3rd with >10% BSA, hands, feet, face - What is the OSHA definition of confined space?
- spaces with an open top (or restricted opening) and small size restriction movement, air flow, task performance
- What is another definition of confined space?
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1. limited entry/exit
2. not intended for humans
3. work must be performed here - List some examples of confined space.
- sewers, tanks, elevator shafts, trenches
- What is a general confined space?
- meets OSHA definition, entrapment hazard only
- What is a permit required confined space?
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meets OSHA defn, introduces other hazards (health & safety) besides entrapment
Examples: gases/vapors, engulfment by water, pathogens/insects/animals - Describe some source hazard controls for confined spaces
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remove from populated work areas
inside building removed from populated work areas - Explain some path hazard control solutions for confined spaces
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protective railing
PPE
visual warnings
attendant - Describe some person hazard controls for confined space.
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training
permit for entry
written permit space program - Describe what happened in Farmington, WVa
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huge mining explosion in 1968
killed 78
led to passage of MSHA
(Mining Safety & Health Admin) - Who does MSHA apply to?
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anyone working in surface or underground mine
maintenance workers operating in these areas - What are the requirements of MSHA?
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24 hours of training
3 content areas in first 8hours
Rest = job specific
written training plan & evaluation methods - What are some mining hazards?
- cave-ins, explosions, toxicity from surface waste & gas buildup, coal dust, engulfment, drowning, falling rock, ground instability
- Describe the structure of the Department of Labor.
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OSHA, Armed Forces, & MSHA each fall separately under DOL
Memorandum of Agreement between OSHA & MSHA: share enforcement in certain situations - What was the name of the movie we had to watch outside of class?
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Mountain Top Removal
Razing Appalachia - What is Black Lung Disease?
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caused by continuous exposure to coal dust
scars tissue, difficult to breathe
1500 deaths/year from this disease - What role does OSHA play in Noise & Vibration?
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-Monitor hearing hazards
-Engineering & Administration
-Personal hearing protection
-Eduction, training, persuasion
-Evaluation: guideline=ANSI - What is the auditory stimulus?
- sound
- What is a decibel?
- unit used to express sound intensity
- What is a docimeter?
- tool measuring sound level
- What is the threshold of pain?
- 140 dB
- What is the action level, intensity for hearing conservation programs?
- 85 dB
- What is baseline audiometry?
- sense of hearing before exposure, used for comparison
- What is a threshold?
- minimum stimulus energy to activate a nerve cell in inner ear
- What is noise?
- unwanted sound
- What is attenuation?
- degree to which noise is blocked
- What is TTS2?
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temporary threshold shift
at 2 min, get baseline, take measurement at t=1 & t=2 - What are the 2 types of deafness?
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1. conductive
2. nerve deafness (continuous noise exposure, destroys hair cells) - What are some general hearing loss labels?
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-Presbycusis: due to aging
-Environmental Hearing Loss: Sociocusis, Occupational Hearing Loss - What are some physiological effects of noise & hearing loss?
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threshold shift = nerve damage
activation of startle response
disrupts fine motor/perceptual ability - What is sympathetic activation?
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95dBA
Generalized Stress Syndrome: blasted with high noise - What are some cognitive effects of noise & hearing loss?
- cognitive tunneling, perservation, over confidence, performance gaps, low verbal comprehension, masking of inner speech
- What is the permissible exposure level?
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100 dBA
hearing control program, engineering controls - What are aurals & circumaurals? What are their associated noise reduction ratings?
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Aurals: earplugs, 18-23dB
Circumaurals: earmuffs, 20-30dB - What are the 3 Sense Areas in Vibration?
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1. Propioceptors: in muscles, joints, tendons, organs, body mvmt & orientation
2. Kinesthetic Receptors: in joints, angle of arms, legs, neck, torso
3. Vestibular System: semicircular canals, sense of balance, movement - What characterizes vibration?
- constant movement, frequency, intensity, duration, pattern
- What are the long-term effects of vibration?
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-vision/motor performance
-damage to peripheral nerves
-damage to female reproductive organs
-digestive system irritation
-back pain (LOWER BACK) - What is Reynaud's Syndrome?
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hand-arm vibration syndrome
numbness, tingling, loss of sensation, difficulty with fine motor skills - Describe priority framework for vibration...
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Design: better equipment
Guard: breaks, anti-shock gear
Warn: proper precautions
Train: education, correct posture/use - REMEMBER TO STUDY EAR HANDOUT
- ear anatomy...
- Describe how to insert an earplug...
- Clean hands, roll, compress, pull outer ear out & up, insert, & hold
- What happened with the Imperial Food Processing Plant on September 3, 1991?
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fire inside chicken plant in NC
doors were locked, 25 died - What percent of fatalities are from fire?
- 3%
- What are some common causes of fire?
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electrical, friction, chemical, arson, sabotage
if human cause, must show there was a motive - What are some conditions of fires?
- combustable element (fuel), oxidizer, ignition catalyst, interaction
- Explain the fire triangle...
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Chemical reaction in center
Oxygen: triangle side black
Heat: triangle side orange
Fuel: triangle side red - What are the movement characteristics of fire?
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Vertical Movement: stack effect (temp differences & drafts)
Horizontal Movement: mushroom effect (rise, spread, thicken) - What are the NFPA National Fire Code Regulations?
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Consensus Standard: extinguishing systems
OSHA 1910 L: emergency plan, unobstructed egress, restoration of alarms after use - What does egress mandate?
- sufficient exits, no obstruction, clearly marked, emergency alarm
- Describe Hazard Control for Fires using the Location Framework...
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Source: elminiate, confine, extinguish
Path: site planning, fire resistant clothing
Person: Life Safety Code, Panic Behavior, Warning/Training, Evacuation training - What is Ohm's Law?
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current is function of electrical potential & resistance
path of least resistance - What is the relationship between resistance & conductivity?
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low resistance/high conductivity - shock
high resistance/low conductivity - fires - What is an indirect electrical hazard?
- electrical hazards may cause a startle reaction
- What happens during an electrical shock?
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body becomes part of circuit
point of entry and exit
3 types of exposure: person contacts both wires, one wire & ground, metallic part that has become "hot" with energized conductor - What are some regulations for electrical hazards?
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electrical equipment free from hazards likely to cause death/injury
grounding devices may ONLY be used for grounding - What does NEMA stand for?
- National Electrical Manufacturers Association
- Describe the Location framework for electrical hazards
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Source: shield, isolate, wire design (longer wire = greater resistance)
Path: insulation/sealing, grounding
Person: warn, train, LOTO - What is LOTO?
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Lock Out Tag Out
Place locks on switch box to indicate system is disabled, no one can remove, tags indicate what is going on, nothing can be done until locks/tags removed - Describe Flammability in the Hazard Diamond
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Susceptibility of material to burning
RED
Rank: 0 (water) - 4 (propane gas) - Describe the Health Hazard in the Hazard Diamond
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Type of possible injury
BLUE
Rank: 0 (peanut oil) - 4 (hydrogen cyanide) - Explain reactivity on the hazard diamond
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susceptibility of material to burning
YELLOW
Rank: 0 (liquid nitrogen) - 4 (TNT) - Explain Special Precuations on the Hazard Diamond
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Variable content/Protective gear required
WHITE
symbols used - What is one of the most frequent causes of workplace injury?
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FALLS (2nd leading cause of death)
17% disabling
20% same surface falls - What are the 3 parts of the OSHA Fall Protection Standard?
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D: falls from regular surfaces (stairs, same surface)
F: manlifts, scaffolding
R: special industries (construction) - What do "different surface" falling hazards include?
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falling from elevated work areas
falling objects striking worker - How do people fall on different surfaces?
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Loss of balance
Lack of guards
Visual distraction
Mis-directed - What do walking hazards include?
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trip & fall
stump & fall
step & fall
slip & fall - What is cognitive economy?
- When the mind uses the least amount of energy as possible
- What are some characteristics of same-surface falling?
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landing slips cause backwards falls
take off slips cause forward falls - What is coefficient of friction?
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cof between 2 surfaces equals the force needed to overcome friction of two materials rubbing against each other divided by force pressing the objects together
u = Fr/Fn - What is the difference between static & kinetic COF?
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Static: object that is stationary on a relatively smooth/hard surface
Kinetic: object that is sliding on a relatively smooth, hard surface - Explain the range of COFs
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0.2 (very slippery/very hazardous)
slippery/hazardous
slippery/not hazardous
0.4 good traction - What are some suggestions for the priority framework for falling/walking hazards?
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Design: use cranes, remove hazards
Guard: use barriers,
Warn: tie off areas, signs
Train: safety training, situation awareness - What are the 5 Strategies for preventing slips?
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1. choose right material
2. retrofit existing surface
3. practice good housekeeping
4. require nonskid footwear
5. inspect surfaces frequently - At what height MUST workers receive training?
- 6 feet
- What are some characteristics of material handling?
- lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling, throwing
- What are material handling hazards?
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strains: leading to back injuries
dropping objects on hands, feet, legs, other workers - What percent of workers' comp claims are related to back injuries?
- 20-25%
- What are proper lifting techniques?
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1. Plan Ahead
2. Lift with legs, not back
3. Push, don't pull - What are some machine hazards?
- crushing, shearing, puncturing, hot surfaces
- What are some consequences of machine hazards?
- fractures, lacerations, dimemberment, burns
- Using location framework, how can machine hazards be prevented?
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Source: automation, redesign
Path: safeguarding (eliminate contact, shields humans, ensures protection) - What are some requirements for safeguarding?
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1. Prevent contact
2. Be secure & durable
3. Protect Against
4. Create no new hazard
5. Create no interference
6. Allow safe maintenance - What are the different types of safeguarding?
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1. Prevent contact
2. Remain secure
3. Create no new hazards
4. Allow safe lubrication
5. Create no interference
6. Protect from falling objects - What are the different types of safeguarding systems?
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1. POO Guards (point of operation)
2. Feeding/Ejection Systems
3. Robot Safeguards (work envelope)
4. LOTO - What are the different types of POO guards?
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Fixed Guards: permanent barrier
Interlocked Guards: shut down operation or remove human (pull back)
Adjustable: flexible - Why is it difficult to implement hazard control in agriculture?
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unorganized locations infrastructure
informal structures
safety & health regs very broad - Major problem with agricultural equipment?
- shields/guards removed
- What are some factors leading to forklift incidents?
- poor stacking, unstable loads, too heavy, lack of training, speed, improper backing/turning
- What is technology?
- tools designed from human knowledge used to achieve certain outcomes
- How does technology affect safety?
- work behavior/morale, attitudes, practices, relations
- What is the future of Industrial Robot Systems?
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"knowledge work" drives "new economy"
new demands for smart systems
globalization
corporate image - What are some problems with technology?
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aging workforce
illiteracy: computer & functional
complexity
over-reliance
trust/distrust - What are some ethical problems with technology?
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reduce need for humans
workplace stress
cognitive deskilling & overload
helplessness - What are some examples of technology?
- electronic noses, controls, smart systems, online training, robotic arms
- What are some consequences of technology use?
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accommodation problem
lacrimation (dry eyes/tearing)
work stress
CTDs
social pathology (burnout, meaninglessness) - Use the location framework to describe hazard controls for technology
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Source: work design
Path: shield, isolate, work envelope
Person: training, understand human needs - What are the types of robotic accidents?
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1. Impact/collision
2. Crushing/trapping
3. Mechanical part
4. Other (power/controls) - What are some sources of machine accidents?
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1. Human Error
2. Control Error
3. Unauthorized access
4. Mechanical failures
5. Environmental sources
6. Power systems
7. Improper Installation