EPPP Physio/Neuro
Terms
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- Sensory memory
- Unprocessed copies of stimulus remaining in sensory organs for 2-3 seconds
- Presbyopia
- Loss of elasticity in lens with age; results in "far-sightedness"
- Cingulate cortex
- Limbic system; exitatory role in emotions, motivating behaviors, mediates sex and eating satisfaction
- Vision
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Peripheral=anterior occipital lobe
Central=posterior occipital lobe - Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- Lesions in amygdala; reduced fear/aggression, increased acquiescence, hypersexuality
- Serotonin and eating
- High S. = anxiety and low appetite; Low S. = depression and maybe binge eating
- Inability to recognize objects by touching; unaware of deficit
- Agnosia
- Cryptomnesia
- Perceiving memory as original idea
- Source amnesia
- Memory for facts without source--when, where, with whom facts were learned
- Lesions to Wernicke's area are likely to result in...
- Deficits in language processing
- Trichromatic theory
- Color vision mediated by 3 types of cones: red, green, blue. Combination of output determines color perceived.
- Opponent process theory
- Color vision mediated by 3 types of receptors:red/ green, blue/yellow, black/ white. Activation of red inhibits green, etc.
- Tolerance
- Decreasing responsiveness to a drug. Need larger doses for same effect. Does not apply equally to all effects of given drug.
- Withdrawal
- Psychological/physical syndrome from abrupt cessation of drug in habituated user. Varies depending on drug.
- Synergistic effects
- Drug interaction: Example: alcohol + other sedative/hypnotic = additive effects.
- Amphetamines
- Block reuptake at noradrenergic/dopaminergic synapses=potentiation of effect. Physiologically stimulating. Used for narcolepsy/hyperactivity
- Amphetamine psychosis
- Psychotic-like reaction like paranoid schizophrenia resulting from long-term use or very large dose
- Amphetamine Untoward Effects
- Due to overdose-toxicity: nausea, vomiting, anxiety, irritability, palpitations, dizziness, confusion, dysphoria, and apprehension
- MAOIs
- Best for atypical depression (e.g., with anxiety, hostility, increased appetite, hypochondriasis
- MAOI's untoward effects
- Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, tremor, orthostatic hypotension, edema. Overdose can be fatal. Cannot use with tyramine (foods/drugs)
- Tricyclic anti-depressants
- Best for unipolar and non-reactive depression. Tofranil, Sinequan, Elavil
- Tricyclic side effects
- Anticholinergic, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, palpiations, hypertension, sedation, confusion, disorientation, insomnia, rash, paresthesia, nausea, vomiting, weight gain, changes in libido, paradoxical depression/ anxiety. More common in elderly. Overdose lethal
- Anxiolytics
- Minor tranquilizer/anti-anxiety. Meprobanate, benzos.Benzos best for acute, severe, reactive with agitation,apprehension, tension
- Anxiolytics side effects
- Drowsiness, lethargy, ataxia. Psychological dependence. Chronic use = tolerance/physical dependence. Meprobanate = more severe withdrawal
- Aphagia
- Lack of eating resulting from destruction of lateral hypothalamus (LHA)
- Expressive aphasia
- Inability to produce language associated with damage to Broca's area
- Receptive aphasia
- Deficits in comprehension of spoken/written language associated with damage to Wernicke's area
- Conduction aphasia
- Inabiity to distinguish and repeat speech sounds caused by damage to arcuate fasciculus
- Ataxia
- Inability to coordinate voluntay body movements due to cerebellar pathology
- Visual agnosia
- Inability to interpret meaning of visual stimuli; aka "psychic blindness"
- Frequency theory of audition
- Auditory perception related to nerve impulse frequency in auditory nerve, which matches frequency of stimulus for less than 1000 Hz
- Place theory of audition
- Perception of high frequency tones is a function of place on basilar membrane stimulated by tone
- Autonomic nervous system
- Part of PNS. Visceral fx (heart rate, sweating, blood pressure,respiration, digestion. May be brought under control with biofeedback. Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
- Somatic nervous system
- Part of PNS that carries info between CNS and sensory system and skeletal muscles. Ordinarily voluntary activity
- Barbituates
- Sedative/hypnotic. Very lethal, no longer often prescribed
- Barbituate side effects
- Slurred speech,nystagmus, dizziness,irritability, impaired motor/cognitive fx. Overdose=confusion,agitation,disorientation,cold clammy skin,dilated pupils, respiratory depression, death. REM rebound
- Broca's area
- Motor speech area in frontal lobe anterior to motor cortex. Related to production of speech
- Wernicke's area
- Speech area in temporal lobe (usually left). Related to understanding of written/ spoken language
- Catecholamine hypothesis of depression
- Related to lower levels of norepinephrine/dopamine. Mania is from excess of these
- Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
- Oversensitivity of dopamine receptors. Dopamine blockers reduce symptoms. Increasers exacerbate symptoms
- Central nervous system
- Nerve cells, fibers, tissues of brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system
- Nervous system elements outside brain and spinal cord. Includes autonomic and somatic nervous systems
- Contralateral presentation
- Cerebral hemispheres control functions of opposite side of body
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Caused by insufficient anti-diurectic hormone (ADH), resulting in inability to retain body water (polyuria)
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Caused by insufficient insulin resulting in inability of cells to use blood sugar (glucose). Fatigue,weakness,increased susceptibility to infection
- Pharmokinetic drug interaction
- One drug interferes with absorption,distribution, transformation,or excretion of another drug, raising or lowering concentration
- Pharmacodynamic drug interaction
- One drug combines with another drug and increases or decreases its effects at action sites.
- Cannon-Bard theory
- Bodily reactions and experience of emotion occur simultaneously and are controlled by thalamus
- James-Lange theory
- Emotions reflect experience of visceral and muscular reactions to certain stimuli, "we feel afraid because we are running."
- Extrapyramical motor system
- Controls and coordinates motor activities for balance, posture, and locomotion; includes basal ganglia, substantia nigra, areas of midbrain, motor neurons of spinal cord
- Memory loss associated with AD has been linked to which neurotransmitter?
- Acetylcholine
- Hydrocephalus involves which brain structures?
- Cerebral ventricles
- The body's circadian rhythms are controlled by the:
- Hypothalamus
- Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in deficits in:
- Executive cognitive functions
- An adult with damage to his hippocampus can be expected to:
- Forget events that occur after the damage
- Acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system
- Causes muscles to contract. Myasthenia gravis-autoimmune d/o that attacks Ach receptors, results in weakness of skeletal muscles
- Acetylcholine in central nervous system
- Involved in REM sleep, sleep-wake cycle, memory
- How is acetylcholine linked to AD?
- Cholinergic degeneration in entorhinal cortex/other areas that communicate with hippocampus leads to memory deficits
- Name two types of cholinergic receptors
-
Nicotinic: exictatory, enhances alertness/memory by mimicking ACh at nicotinic receptors
Nuscarinic - inhibitory - Catecholamines
- Include norephinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine. Involved in personality, mood, memory, sleep
- Low levels of norepinenphrine have been associated with...
- some forms of depression
- Excessive activity at dopamine receptor sites has been associated with...
- Schizophrenia and Tourette's
- What is the role of dopamine in movement?
- Degeneration of Da receptors in substantia nigra=tremors, muscle rigidity, sxs of Parkinson's
- Elevated levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic system have been associated with...
- reinforcing effects of stimulants, opiates, alcohol, and nicotine. Cocaine blocks reuptake of Da;nicotine stimulates release of Da
- Serotonin (5-HT)
- Inhibitory; implicated in mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, arousal, sleep, aggression, migraine headache
- Elevated levels of 5-HT are associated with...
- autism and schizophrenia
- Low levels of 5-HT are associated with...
- depression, suicide, PTSD, OCB, aggression
- GABA (Bamma-aminobutyric acid)
- inhibitory; linked to sleep, eating, seizure, anxiety
- What is the relationship of GABA to anxiety?
- GABA levels are affected by benzos and other CNS depressants used to treat anxiety
- What is the relationship between GABA and Huntington's Disease?
- Degeneration of GABA secreting cells in basal ganglia contribue to motor symptoms of Huntingdon's
- Glutamate
- excitatory; role in learning and memory, long-term potentiation (formation of long-term memories)
- Excessive glutamate receptor activity is linked to...
- seizures, may contribute to stroke-related brain damage, Huntingdon's Disease, AD, and other neurodegenerative disorders
- Endorphins
- "endogenous morphines"; inhibitory neuromodulators; lower sensitivity of post- synaptic neurons to neurotransmitters
- Endorphins have been associated with...
- analgesic effects, pain relief from acupuncture, runner's high, control of emotions, memory & learning, and sexual behavior
- Hindbrain
- Cerebellum, medulla, pons
- The medulla is responsible for...
- flow of info between spinal cord and brain; coordination of swallowing, coughing, sneezing, regulation of breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure. Damage often fatal.
- The pons...
- connects two halves of cerebellum; involved in integration of movements in right/left sides of body
- Midbrain
- contains reticular formation
- Role of reticular activating system
- Vital to consciousness, arousal, wakefulness; screens sensory input, arouses higher centers of brain when needed.
- Damage to reticular activating system is associated with...
- disruption of sleep-wake cycle, can produce coma-like state of sleep.
- Forebrain
- Subcortical structures and cerebral cortex
- Subcortical structures comprise...
- Thalamus, hypothalamus with suprachiasmatic nucleus, basal ganglis, limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus)
- The role of the thalamus is...
- a relay station, transmits incoming sensory info to cortex (not olfaction); also motor activity, language, memory
- Korsakoff Syndrome results from...
- atrophy of neurons in dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies of hypothalamus, due to thiamine deficiency (usually results from alcoholism). Involves severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation
- Hypothalamus
- Involved in hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temperature, movement, emotional reactions
- Damage to the hypothalamus can result in what emotional changes?
- Uncontrollable laughter, intense rage or aggression
- What structures comprise the basal ganglia?
- Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
- In what functions are the basal ganglia involved?
- Planning, organizing and coodinating voluntary movement; regulating amplitude and direction of motor actions; sensorimotor learning, smiling, frowning, running when fearful
- Basal ganglia pathology includes...
- Huntingdon's, Parkinson's, Tourette's. Sometimes implicated in mania, depression, ocd, psychosis
- What is the role of the amygdala?
- integrates, coordinates, directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memory, helps in recall of emotion experiences
- What is the role of the hippocampus?
- Involved in processing spatial, visual, verbal info and consolidating declarative memory (storage takes palce in frontal/ temporal lobes)
- Apraxia
- Inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functiong, and somatosensory agnosia, related to parietal lobe damage
- Tactile agnosia
- Inability to recognize familiar objects by touch
- Asomatognosia
- Failure to recognize parts of one's own body
- Anosognosia
- Inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms or other disorder
- Gertsmann Syndrome
- Left parietal lesion, results in finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia
- Prosopagnosia
- Inability to recognize familiar faces
- Gate control theory of pain
- Nervous system can process only limited amt of sensory info. Spinal cord acts as gate blocking some incoming pain signals. Massage injured area, apply heat/ cold, use distracting mental activities
- Synesthesia
- Rare condition; stimulation of 1 sensory modality triggers sensation in another (hear a color, taste a shape)