Microbio Lecture 15

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What are the 3 main types of airborne transmission?: 1. infected person to susceptible person via talking, spitting, sneezing
2. dust w/ pathogen to susceptible person
3. aerosols of water (AC or spray)
What are the two ways to classify Streptococci?: 1. Hemolytic properties
2. Cell wall carbohydrate
Hemolytic properties of Streptococci (3)?: 1. alpha: partial destruction: olive green cells
2. beta: complete destruction: clear zone around cells
3. gamma y: no effect - no change
C substance?: Carbohydrate group
designated groups A-O
What is the most harmful type of Streptococci to humans?: Group A beta hemolytic streptococci
Causative agent of Strep throat?: Streptococcus pyogenes, G+, cocci
Transmission of Strep Throat?: Airborne droplets
Pathogenicity of Strep Throat?: M protein and pili adhere to pharyngeal tissue and retards phagocytosis
Why is it so hard to immunize against Strep Throat?: Because there are over 60 different types of M protein in cell wall of S. pyogenes
Major symptoms of Strep Throat?: high fever, cough, swollen lymph nodes, red pharyngeal tissue erosion, NO RUNNY NOSE!
Treatment of Strep throat?: Antibiotics
Name all the complications associated with Strep throat (6): Scarlet fever, erysipelas, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, septicemia, and necrotizing fascitis
Causative agent of Scarlet fever: Streptococcus pyogenes G+, BUT with a lysogenized bacteriophage that has an erythrogenic toxin
Pathogenicity of Scarlet fever?: Bacteriophage encoded erythrogenic toxin
Major symptoms of Scarlet fever?: red rash due to blood leaking through walls of capillaries that's damaged by toxin. Rash in soft skin areas: neck, mouth, chest
Treatment of Scarlet fever?: Antibiotic
Pathogenicity of Erysipelas?: acute infection of dermal layer that usually affects infants and people over age of 30 with history of strep throat
Symptoms of Erysipelas?: chronic painful red patches occurring at same body site
Treatment of Erysipelas?: Antibiotic
Pathogenicity of Rheumatic Fever?: Immune response to antigen on Streptococcus pyogenes. Antibodies cross react with antigens on human heart and joints
Major symptoms of rheumatic fever?: Fever, inflammation, scarring and distortion of heart valves and joints
Pathogenicity of Glomerulonephritis?: Ag-Ab complexes are lodged in glomeruli
Symptoms of glomerulonephritis?: Pain and inflammation in kidneys
Pathogenicity of necrotizing fascitis?: infection of sheath around skeletal muscle
Symptoms of necrotizing fascitis?: dissolving of flesh- extensive destruction of the subcutaneous tissue
Pathogenicity of Septicemia?: infection of the blood that spreads through circulatory system
Major symptoms of Septicemia?: blood infected and spreads throughout body can die in 2 hours.
Causative agent of Diptheria?: Corynebacterium diptheriae, G+, has metachromatic granules, palisade/chinese character formation
Transmission of Diptheria?: Inhalation of droplets near tonsils
Pathogenicity of Diptheria?: Exotoxin encoded by lysogenic corynephage that interferes with protein synthesis of epithelial cells.
Symptoms of Diptheria?: Pseudomembrane with WBC, fibrous material, dead tissue, mucus that results in respiratory blockage
Treatment of Diptheria?: Antitoxin, antibiotic
Vaccinate with DTaP - diptheria toxoid
Causative agent of Pertussis?: Bordetella pertussis, G-, rod bacteria
Transmission of Pertussis?: Airborne droplets- pili of bacteria adhere to cilia of epithelial cells
Pathogenicity of Pertussis?: ciliated cells destroyed and mucosal escalator impaired
Major symptoms of Pertussis? (3): 1. Malaise- low grade fever, worsening cough
2. Paroxysms: stacatto coughs with rapid inhale due to disintegrating cells and mucus accumulation in airways
3. 100 day cough
Treatment of Pertussis:: Antibiotics
Vaccinate with DTaP: acellular pertussis - chemical extract
Causative agent of meningitis?: Neisseria meningitidis, G-, encapsulated DIPLOCOCCUS
Transmission of meningitis?: Bacteria, viruses and Haemophilus influenze B
Pathogenicity of Meningitis?: inflammation of meninges. Bacterial ENDOTOXIN spread into blood stream and CSF causing shock. Death can occur in 2 hours.
Symptoms of Meningitis (2 sets): Mild: influenza like upper respiratory infection
Serious: pounding headache and stiff neck from inflammation of meninges. PETECHIAE appear (red to blue-black spots). 50% death rate if untreated.
Treatment of Meningitis (3 drugs)? Diagnosis?: Diagnosis with spinal tap
Treat with rifampin, penicillin or sulfonamide drugs
Rifampin used as a prophylactic drug if exposure has occurred
Complications of meningitis?: Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome: formation of lesions in adrenal glands accompanied by hormonal imbalances.
Causative agent of Tuberculosis?: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, not + or -, acid fast rod that has MYCOLIC acid in cell wall
Tranmission of Tuberculosis?: Inhalation through multiple exposures; enters through alveolus
More symptoms of tuberculosis? (10/90): 10% ill in 3 months; cough, chest pain, fever blood in sputum
90%: fever and weight loss
Symptoms of tuberculosis?: tubercle formation: living bacteria, WBC, salts, and fibrous materials. Tubercle breaks and will spread bacteria to liver, kidneys, meninges,and bone
Tuberculosis spread to bone is called what?: Miliary tuberculosis
Treatment of tuberculosis? Vaccination?: Isoniazid: but with toxic side effects
Vaccine with PPD: purified protein derivative
What is MDR-TB and how do you treat it?: MDR-TB = multidrug resistant tuberculosis and is treated with 2 drugs for 6-9 months
In developing countries, more deaths ocur from which disease than any other bacterial disease?: Tuberculosis
Causative agent of Pneumococcal pneumonia?: 80% caused by different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, G+, encapsulated diplococci

some are caused by viruses
Tranmission of pneumococcal pneumonia?: airborne droplets
Pathogenicity of Pneumococcal pneumonia?: can have bacterial or viral pneumonia, infection of the lungs where only compromised are affected
Symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia?: Fever, dry hacking cough, fatigue
Treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia?: Antibiotics
Causative agent of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, no cell wall, pleomorphic, small bacteria
Transmission of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?: Airborne droplets
Pathogenicity of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?: - attach to and destroy ciliated cells lining respiratory tract.
- primary disease that occurs in healthy people
Symptoms of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?: Fever, dry hacking cough, fatigue
Treatment of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?: Erythromycin, tetracycline (protein inhibitors); penicillin doesn't work due to no cell wall
Primary Atypical Pneumonia is similar to what disease associated with a bird and its droppings?: Psittacosis by Chlamydiae psittaci
Causative agent of Legionnaires Disease?: Legionella pneumophila, G-, rod bacteria
Transmission of Legionnaires disease?: where water collects, person to person is uncommon
Pathogenicity of Legionnaires disease?: Legionella cannot exist in water alone- grows inside waterborne protozoa (vector)
Symptoms of Legionnaires disease?: fever, dry cough, diarrhea and vomiting (like bad flu)
Treatment of Legionnaires disease?: Erythromycin, treat water source with chlorine or heat to prevent more cases

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