BOOK Exam #1
Terms
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- Communication
- Process of human beings responding to the symbolic behavior of other persons
- Symbols
- used to represent things, processes, ideas, or events in ways that make communication possible
- Intrapersonal communication
- communicating with oneself
- Dyad
- two persons interacting
- dyadic communication
- communication between two people
- interpersonal communication
- same as dyadic interaction but maybe with more people
- Small group communication
- 2 or more people interacting/communicating
- Public communication
- group becomes too large for all members to contribute to the conversation only a few people speak for all
- Mass communication
- messages that are transmitted at large, wide spread, through the media,etc. No response back
- Linear communication model
- one-way event, message flows from sender to reciever
- sender encodes
- ideas and feelings by a message
- channel
- how a message is given for example: speech, writing
- receiver decodes
- listens to or decodes message
- Noise
- any forces that interfere with effective communication
- environment
- fields of experience that help them understand others' behaviors
- Transaction communication model
- simultaneous sending and receiving of messages in an ongoing, ireversible process
- Feedback
- response of a receiver to a sender's message
- communication competence
- ability to maintain a relationship on terms acceptable to all parties
- coordination
- intgeraction in which participants interact smoothly, high satisfaction doesn't need to understand eachother well
- narratives
- personal stories that we create to make sense of our personal world
- self-serving bias
- tendancy to interpret and explain information in a way that casts the perceivver in the most favorable manner
- sympathy
- compassion for another perosn's predicament
- perception checking
- method to check accuracy of interpretations, including a description of the sense data, 2 possible interpretations, and a request for confirmation of the interpretations
- self-concept
- set of relatively stable perceptions that each of holds about ourselves
- self-esteem
- our evaluations of self-worth
- reflected appraisal
- theory that a person's self-concept matches the way the person believes others regard him or her
- significant others
- peole whose opinions we especially value
- personality
- relatively consitent set of traits people exhibit across a variety of situations
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- person's expectation of an outcome makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true
- impression management
- communication strategies people use to influence how others view them
- perceived self
- reflection of self-concept, person you believe to be in moments of honest self examination
- presenting self
- public image-the way we want to appear to others
- face
- presenting self
- facework
- describe the verbal and noonverbal ways we act to maintain our own presenting image and the images of others
- language
- a collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals
- Phonological rules
- govern how words sound when pronounced
- syntatic rules
- govern the structure of language, way symbols can be rearranged
- semantic rules
- meaning of specific words
- pragmatic rules
- final type of rules that governs how we use language
- convergence
- linguistic accomodation when 2 or more people feel equally positive about one another
- divergence
- speaking in a way that emphasizes their differences from others
- equivocal words
- words that have more than one correct meaning
- relative words
- words that are comparable
- slang
- language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other group
- jargon
- vocabulary as a shorthand by people with common backgrounds/experiences
- abstraction ladder
- a range of more- to less- abstract terms describing an event or object
- abstract language
- language lacks specificty or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data
- behavioral description
- down abstract ladder to identify specific/observable phenomeno that's discussed
- factual statements
- claims that can be verified as true or false
- opinion statements
- based on the speaker's belief
- inferential statements
- conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
- emotive language
- contains words that sound as if they're describing something when they are really announcing the speaker's attitude toward something
- euphemism
- words substituted for a more pleasant more direct but potentially less pleasant one
- equivocation
- vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way
- Low-context cultures
- use languages to express thoughts fellings, and ideas as clearly as logically as possible
- high-context cultures
- value language as a way to maintain social harmony
- linguistic determinism
- language shapes and reflects worldview of culture
- Whorf-Sapir hypothesis
- structure of a language shapes the worldview of its users
- linguistic relativism
- language exerts a strong influence on perceptions of the people who use it