Social Psychology - Part Four
Terms
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- altruism
- a motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests
- social-exchange theory
- the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one' rewards and minimize one's costs
- egoism
- a motive (supposedly underlying all behavior) to increase one's own welfare
- empathy
- the vicarious experience of another's feeling; putting oneself in another's shoes
- reciprocity norm
- an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
- social-responsibility norm
- an expectation that people will help those dependent on them
- kin selection
- the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes
- bystander effect
- the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
- door-in-the-face technique
- a strategy for gaining a concession. After someone first turns down a large request (the door-in-the-face), the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request
- moral exclusion
- the perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness. Moral inclusion is regarding others as within one's circle of moral concern
- overjustification effect
- the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their action as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing
- conflict
- a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals
- non-zero-sum games
- games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose. AKA mixed-motive situations
- mirror-image perceptions
- reciprocal views of one another often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive
- equal-status contact
- contacet on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status. Thus, to reduce prejudice, interracial contact should be between persons equal in status
- superordinate goal
- a shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's differences from one another
- bagaining
- seeking an agreement through direct negotiation between parties to a conflict
- mediation
- an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions
- arbitration
- resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement
- integrative agreements
- win-win agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit
- GRIT
- acronum for "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction" - a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions
- clinical psychology
- the study, assessment and treatment of people with psychological difficulties
- depressive realism
- the tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgements, attributions, and predictions.
- explanatory style
- one's habitual way of explaining life events. A negavtive, pessimistic, depressive one attributes failures to stable, global, and internal causes
- behavioral medicine
- an interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge about health an disease
- health psychology
- a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
- misinformation effect
- witnessing an event, receiving misleading informatin about it, and then incorporating the "misinformatiion: into one's memory of the event
- reactance
- the desire to assert one's sense of freedom