Chabner LOM Chapter Twelve
Terms
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- adenoids
- Collections of lymph tissue in the nasopharynx; also called pharyngeal tonsils
- alveolus (plural: alveoli)
- Air sac in the lung
- apex of the lung
- Uppermost portion of the lung. The apex is the top, end, or tip of a structure. Apical means pertaining to the apex.
- base of the lung
- Lower portion of the lung; from the Greek, basis, foundation.
- bronchioles
- Smallest branches of the bronchi
- bronchus (plural: bronchi)
- Branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the air spaces of the lung; bronchial tube.
- carbon dioxide (CO2)
- A gas produced by body cells when oxygen and food combine; exhaled through the lungs.
- cilia
- Thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract. They clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung. Smoking cigarettes impairs the function of cilia.
- diaphragm
- Muscle separating the chest and abdomen. It is the most important muscle for breathing.
- epiglottis
- Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing.
- expiration
- Breathing out (exhalation)
- Glottis
- Opening to the larynx
- hilum (of lung)
- Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs. Hilar means pertaining to the hilum.
- inspiration
- Breathing in (inhalation)
- larynx
- Voice box
- lobe
- Division of a lung
- mediastinum
- Region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes.
- oxygen (O2)
- Gas that passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells
- palatine tonsil
- One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth)
- paranasal sinus
- One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
- parietal pleura
- The outer fold of pleura lying closest to the ribs and wall of the thoracic cavity
- pharynx
- Throat; composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- pleura
- Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung
- pleural cavity
- Space between the folds of the pleura
- pulmonary parenchyma
- The essential cells of the lung, those performing its main function; the air sacs (alveoli) and small bronchioles.
- trachea
- Windpipe
- visceral pleura
- The inner fold of pleura lying closest to the lung tissue
- adenoid/o
- adenoids
- alveol/o
- alveolus, air sac
-
bronch/o
bronchi/o - bronchial tube, bronchus
- bronchiol/o
- bronchiole, small bronchus
- capn/o
- carbon dioxide
- coni/o
- dust
- cyan/o
- blue
- epiglott/o
- epiglottis
- laryng/o
- larynx, voice box
- lob/o
- lobe of the lung
- mediastin/o
- mediastinum
- nas/o
- nose
- orth/o
- staight, upright
- ox/o
- oxygen
- pector/o
- chest
- pharyng/o
- pharynx, throat
- phon/o
- voice
- phren/o
- diaphragm
- pleur/o
- pleura
-
pneum/o
pneumon/o - air, lung
- pulmon/o
- lung
- rhin/o
- nose
- sinus/o
- sinus, cavity
- spir/o
- breathing
- tel/o
- complete
- thorac/o
- chest
- tonsill/o
- tonsils
- trache/o
- trachea, windpipe
- -ema
- condition
- Em-
- in
- -osmia
- smell
- -pnea
- breathing
- -ptysis
- spitting
- -sphyxia
- pulse
- -thorax
- pleural cavity, chest
- auscultation
- Listening to sounds within the body
- percussion
- Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
- pleural rub
- Scratchy sound produced by the motion of inflamed or irritated pleural surfaces rubbing against each other; also called a friction rub.
- rales (crackles)
- Abnormal crackling sounds heard during inspiration when there is fluid, blood, or pus in the alveoli
- sputum
- Material expelled from the chest by coughing or clearing the throat
- stridor
- Strained, high-pitched, noisy sound made on inspiration; associated with obstruction of the larynx or trachea.
- wheezes
- Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds heard when air is forced through a narrow space during inspiration or expiration
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Upper Respiratory Disorders:
croup - Acute viral infection in infants and children; characterized by obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor.
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Upper Respiratory Disorders:
diphtheria - Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium (Corynebacterium)
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Upper Respiratory Disorders:
epistaxis - Nosebleed
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Upper Respiratory Disorders:
pertussis - Bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis, a highly contagious bacterium. Also known as whooping cough.
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Bronchial Tube Disorders:
asthma - Chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by airway obstruction caused by edema, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production
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Bronchial Tube Disorders:
bronchiectasis - Chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the lung
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Bronchial Tube Disorders:
bronchogenic carcinoma (lung cancer) - Cancerous tumors arising from a bronchus
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Bronchial Tube Disorders:
chronic bronchitis - Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time
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Bronchial Tube Disorders:
cystic fibrosis - Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick, mucous secretions that do not drain normally
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Lung Disorders:
atelectasis - Incomplete (atel/o) expansion (-ectasis) of alveoli; collapsed, functionless, airless lung or portion of a lung. Caused by tumor or other obstruction of the bronchus, or poor respiratory effort
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Lung Disorders:
emphysema - Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
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Lung Disorders:
pneumoconiosis - Abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
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Lung Disorders:
pneumonia - Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction
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Lung Disorders:
pulmonary abcess - A large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs
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Lung Disorders:
pulmonary edema - Swelling and fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
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Lung Disorders:
pulmonary embolism (PE) - Clot (thrombus) or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
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Lung Disorders:
pulmonary fibrosis - Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
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Lung Disorders:
sarcoidosis - Chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause in which small nodules or tubercles develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs
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Lung Disorders:
tuberculosis (TB) - Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs are usually involved, but any organ in the body may be affected
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Pleural Disorders:
mesothelioma - Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura and associated with exposure to asbestos
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Pleural Disorders:
pleural effusion - Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity)
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Pleural Disorders:
pleurisy (pleuritis) - Inflammation of the pleura
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Pleural Disorders:
pneumothorax - Collection of air in the pleural space
- anthracosis
- Coal dust accumulation in the lungs
- asbestosis
- Asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs
- bacilli (singular: bacillus)
- Rod-shaped bacteria (cause of tuberculosis)
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs
- cor pulmonale
- Failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
- exudate
- Fluid, cells, or other substances (pus) that slowly leave cells or capillaries through pores or small breaks in cell membranes.
- hydrothorax
- Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
- palliative
- Relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease
- paroxysmal
- Pertaining to a sudden occurence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden
- pulmonary infarction
- An area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the lung
- purulent
- Containing pus
- rhonchi
- Coarse, loud rales caused by secretions in bronchial tubes
- silicosis
- Silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations
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Clinical Procedures:
chest x-ray - Radiographic imaging of the thoracic cavity
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Clinical Procedures:
chest tomograms - A series of x-ray images each showing a "slice" of the chest at different depths. Tomograms detect small masses not seen on regular films.
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Clinical Procedures:
computed tomography
(CT scan of the chest) - Computer-generated x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross-section
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Clinical Procedures:
pulmonary angiography - X-ray images taken after injecting radiopaque contrast into the pulmonary artery or right side of the heart
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Clinical Procedures:
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross-sectional (axial) planes
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Clinical Procedures
(Radioactive Test):
ventilation-perfusion (V-Q)scan -
Detection device records radioactivity after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas(xenon).
This test can identify areas of the lung not receiving air flow (ventilation) or blood flow (perfusion). -
Clinical Procedures:
bronchoscopy - Fiber-optic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens.
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Clinical Procedures:
endotracheal intubation -
Placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway.
This procedure allows a person to be placed on a ventilator. -
Clinical Procedures:
laryngoscopy - Visual examination of the voice box
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Clinical Procedures:
lung biopsy - Removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
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Clinical Procedures:
mediastinoscopy - Endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
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Clinical Procedures:
pulmonary function tests (PFTs) - Tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lung (airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dixide efficiently).
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Clinical Procedures:
thoracentesis - Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
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Clinical Procedures:
thoracotomy - Major surgical incision of the chest
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Clinical Procedures:
thorascopy - Visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
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Clinical Procedures:
tracheostomy - Creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
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Clinical Procedures:
tuberculin test - Determines past or present tuberculosis infection based on a positive skin reaction
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Clinical Procedures:
tube thoracostomy - Chest tube is passed through an opening in the skin of the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion