18th Century Classicism
Terms
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- Sonata-Allegro Form
-
Drama between 2 key areas
99% of music in classical period
First movement form = Sonata Form
1st movement = longest & most highly stylized, characterized, & organized. - Sonata Cycle
-
Structured procedure for multimovement
Genre: Symphony, Concerto, Sonata, string quartet, etc. - Diatonic
- 7 tones of the major & minor scale
- Chromatic
- 1/2 steps, semitones
- Modulation
- Change in key
- Tonic
- Built on 1st degree of scale
- Dominant
- Built on 5th degree of scale
- Theme
-
Building block used in construction of musical composition; Melody
Smallest fraction of theme = motive - Motive
- Fragmentation of theme, smallest part
- Coda
- Tail section, rounds off move
- Schubert
- Transisitional composer, 1797-1828
- Absolute Music
-
Pure, no outside connotation, making form very important
Ex: No story, text, poem accompaniment - Bridge
- Transistional section
- Exposition
- statement
- Recapitulation
- Restatement, usually in Theme 2
- Codetta
- Short coda
- Minuet & Trio
-
Third movement, moderate, usually triple meter, ABA form
Mozart changed it to a scherzo - Scherzo
- Composition in ABA form, usually triple meter; replaced minuet & trio in 19th century
- Serenade
-
Between Chamber Music and Symphony
Main purpose is to entertain
AKA Divertomento - Vienna
- Hub of musical entertainment
- Enlightenment
- Beginning of classical period, light, cheerful, enjoyment age; Sensibility
- Classicism
- Order, poise, serenity; Pertaining to highest degree of music, art, literature. Adherence to form/tradition of Greeks & Romans
- Rondo
- Most popular tempo in last move. Fast, allegro. Usually last move. Deviation of ABA
- London Symphony
- Joseph Haydn - 1 of 12 Symphonies
- Development
- Tension, excitement, modulation, motive, theme
- Rocket Theme
-
Quick, aggressive, rising theme
Ex: Little night music (Serenade) - Another name for Classical Era
- Golden age of Chamber Music
- Favorite instrument of the Baroque Period
- Violin
- Favorite instrument of the Classical Period
- Piano
- Movements of Sonata
- Sonata cycle
- How many symphonies to Beethoven write?
- 9
- How many symphonies did Mozart write
- 41
- How many symphonies did Haydn write?
- 104
- Diminutions
- slower/shorter time values
- Retrograde
- Larger/longer time values; Melody backwards
- Inversion
- Melody upside down
- Prince Esterhazy
- Wealthy hungarian nobleman. Haydn worked for him (flourished) under the patronage system.
- Concerto
-
Solo instrument (piano, violin) - classical period
Powerful & vibrant in classical period, 3 movements (unlike symphony).
-solo performer & orchestra
-Fast, slow, fast (3rd movement eliminated - moderate) - Salon
- more intimate setting to play; Today = Concert Hall
-
Baroque = Terrace Dynamics
Classical = crescendo & minuendo + terrace dynamcis, due to advanced development of instruments. - N/A
- Form was 99% of Classical Music; Absolute music
- N/A
- Sequence
- Motive or theme developed in a higher or lower pitch level
- Cadence
- Resting place
- Sonata
-
Means "to sound"
Instrumental genre for 1 or 2 performers, consisting of 3 or 4 movements; multimovement - 4 Viennese Composers
-
Mozart
Haydn
Beethoven
Schubert - 3 Revolutions having a great impact on the Classical Period
-
1)American
2)French
3)Industrial - Industrial achievments
-
Steam Engine - James Watt
Spinng Jenny - James Hargreave
Cotton Gin - Eli Whiney
Electricity - Ben Franklin
Oxygen - Joseph Priestly
Vaccination - Edward Jenner - Musician considered a little more then a servant
- n/a
- Classical Period = instumental now more popular then vocal
- n/a
- Chamber Music
- Small ensemble, 1 to a part
- God of Light & Measurement
- Apollo
- God of Passion & Intoxication
- Dionysus
-
Classical = no restraint (emotional), adherence to form, structure; unlimited fortays/forms
Deceptively simple, very singable, but hard to conduct & play - n/a
-
Mozart:
1756 - 1791 (died age 35)
5 yrs old - Paris, Munich, London Tour
13 yrs old - read compositions of all genres
Wrote: Operas, concertos (piano), symphonies, string quartets, serenades/divertimentos, quintets
Master o - n/a
- Patronage System
-
-do what Arch Bishop tells you to do
-adhere to rules & requirments such as:
clothing, no profanity & table
-Music teacher/conductor responsible for musicians - Symphony
-
One of the most important genres of the Classical Era
-Large ensemble consisting of 4 groups: strings, brass, woodwinds, percussion -
Joseph Haydn 1732 - 1809 (died 77 yrs old)
-Born: Rohrau, Austria
-brought instrumental music to higher level in classical era
-Father = wheelmaker
-beautiful voice
-St. Steven Cathedral - 16 yrs. old
...voice broke
-fr - n/a
-
Ludwig Von Beethoven: 1770 - 1827 (57 yrs. old)
-Born in Bon, Germany
-supreme architect in music
-deeply effected by French Rev.
-freedom & dignity of individual
-alcoholic father
-man of the house for mother & youn - n/a
- Cadenza
-
Fanciful solo passage played in style of improvisation
-piano alone, orchestra stops - Concertos are for ALL instruments
- n/a