HD Chp 1
Terms
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- Disease
- a state, condition, or process occurring in a living body
- Syndrome
- a combination of symptoms that consistently occur together
-
-ia (suffix)
-osis - an abnormal condition (pneumonia / cyanosis)
- -itis (suffix)
- inflammation (appendicitis)
- -ism (suffix)
- habituation or intoxication (alcoholism)
- Acquired
- not congenital
- Acute
- developing relatively suddenly & running its course in a few days or weeks.
- Asymptomatic
- causing no symptoms
- Chronic
- having a protracted course, often lifelong
- Congenital
- present at birth - not necesarily inherited
- Disabling
- causing impairment of normal functions or capabilities
- End-stage
- a progressively deteriorating condition reaching the point of terminal function impairment
- Fulminant or fulminating
- rapidly progressive and severe
- Hyperacute
- a very abrupt onset or very brief course
- Infantile
- occurring or becoming evident during infancy
- Intermittent
- causing symptoms at intervals, with periods w/out symptoms
- Juvenile
- occurring in early life
- Life-threatening
- a disease or injury that may prove fatal in spite of aggressive treatment.
- Malignant
- tending to cause death
- Neonatal
- affecting newborn infants
- Paroxysmal
- occurring in sudden attacks
- Progressive
- increasingly extensive or severe symptoms or signs
- Recurrent
- a condition that reappears after symptoms had largely or entirely resolved.
- Relapsing
- same as recurrent
- Remissive, remittent
- most or all signs & symptoms have resolved; remission (may be temporary or permanent
- Self-limiting
- a disease that runs its course and resolves spontaneously without complications (cold)
- Senile
- occurring as a result of aging
- Silent
- asymptomatic; a disease or condition discovered only by chance.
- Subacute
- lasting longer that an acute illness
- Subclinical
- causing no symptoms or signs (same as silent)
- Terminal
- a disease that is expected to cause death regardless of treatment
- Deficiency
- due to a lck or insufficiency of some essential chemical substance
- Degenerative
- caused by deterioration in the structure or function of cells or tissue usu. with aging
- Developmental
- some abnormality in the development of a tissue, organ, or body part (before or after birth)
- Essential
- of unknown cause; arising spontaneously
- Familial (heredofamilial)
- an inherited abnormality expressed in other members of the patient's family
- Functional
- a disturbance of funciton w/out evidence of structural or chemical abnormality
- Hereditary
- an inherited abnormality or tendency
- Idiopathic
- of unkown cause
- Ifectious (infective)
- the adverse biological, chemical or immunologic effects of the growth of microorganisms in the body
- Molecular
- a disease caused by abnormality in the chemical structure or concentration of a single molecule
- Neoplastic
- formation of one or more growths or tumors (benign or malignant)
- Nutritional
- insufficient or excessive dietary intake of some nutrients
- Organic
- some demonstrable abnormality in a bodily structure
- Traumatic
- due to injury - physical, chemical, thermal or psychological
-
Differential diagnosis
"the differential" - ranking of several alternative explanations of a patient's symptoms & physical findings (H&P)
- Etiology
- the study of the causes of disease
- Multifactorial etiology
- indicates that a given disease has more than one cause operating together
- Primary
- a disease or condition that does not result from some other disease
- Secondary
- a disease or condition that results from some other disease.
- History
- a detailed record of the course of an illness, as perceived/recalled by the patient
- Noncontributory
- information of no help in arriving at a diagnosis
- Symptom
- any distress, abnormality, or malfunction experienced by the patient as a result of illness
- Physical examination
- a formal assessment of bodily structure and function by the physician
- Four techniques of Physical Examination:
- inspection, palpation, percussion & auscultation
- Inspection (physical exam)
- visual examination of the external body surface.
- Palpation (physical exam)
- Feeling superficial & deep structures w/ the fingers or palm
- Percussion (physical exam)
- Tapping w/ a finger on the body wall to detect variations in sound
- Auscultation (physical exam)
- Listening to selected body regions w/ a stethoscope
- Sign (physical exam)
- any abnormality that is observable by the physician
- Culture
- the growth of microorganisms from a specimen under controlled laboratory conditions
- Cytology
- Microscopic examination of a stained cell
- Electrodiagnostic procedures
- method for recording the electrical activity accompanying the fuction of certain organs or tissue
- Endoscopy
- examination of the interior of a cavity or hollow organ with an instrument
- Histology
- microscopic examination of stained very thin sections of tissue by biopsy, surgical excision or autopsy
- Imaging (diagnostic)
- any procedure used to study/visualize internal organs/tissues by irradiation (x-ray, Ct scan)
- Invasive
- a procedure requiring the intro of an instrument into the body
- Laboratory test
- any test performed in a laboratory on a specimen of tissue or body fluids removed from the patient
- Microbiology
- the study of microorganisms
- Noninvasive
- a procedure that does not require the intro of an instrument
- Radiography (branch of medical technology)
- x-ray & other imaging procedures
- Radiology (branch of medicine)
- diagnosis & treatment of disease through x-ray, ultrasound, MRI and related
- Scan
- examination of part or all of the body by a radiographic procedure
- Serology
- antigen-antibody reactions to diagnose infections & other disease (particularly autoimmune disease)
- Smear
- a thin film or fluid that is examined microscopically for diagnostic purposes.
- Course (of disease)
- the sequence of events from the first appearance of symptoms to the final resolution of abnormalities
- Complication
- a disease/condition induced by a pre-existing conditon which renders treatment more difficult/death
- Form
- any of several clinical patterns that a disease may manifest
- Forme fruste
- an atypical, prematurely arrested, or incompletely developed from of a disease
- Grade
- a measure of the severity of a disease or condition
- Onset
- the first appearance of signs or symptoms
- Present
- symptoms or signs that are evident when the patient first seeks medical attention
- Prodrome
- a period when symptoms precede the appearance of typical signs of a disease
- Prognosis
- the probable outcome of a disease
- Sequela
- an abnormality or impairment that persist after a disease has been resolved (scarring or weakness)
- Stage
- a measure of the extent to which a disease has developed
- T-N-M classification
-
a formal mode of staging for many malignant diseases.
T, tumor; N, (lymph)nodes; M, metastases - Aggressive (treatment)
- a prompt, energetic program of treatment
- Benign neglect
- doing essentially nothing
- Conservative
- a mode of treatment with a low risk of causing serious adverse effects
- Cosmetic
- to improve physical appearance
- Cure
- complete extinction of a disease
- Elective
- a procedure that is not absolutely required (or is deferred) to save the patient's life
- Heroic
- radical or extreme therapeutic measures
- Inoperable
- when surgical treatment is not an option due to extent of disease or condition of the patient
- Masterly inactivity
- same as benign neglect
- Medical
- any form of treatment not involving surgery or physical manipulation
- Monodrug therapy
- treatment of a condition with a single drug
- Palliative
- treatment of a severe disease to relieve pain or conserve function without curing
- Physical therapy
- treatment involving application of physical modalities
- Protocol
- a therapeutic regimen
- Radical
- a drastic program of treatment
- Regimen
- a program or course of treatment including diet, exercise & drug therapy
- Surgical
- physical manipulation
- Supportive
- a trmt regimen to preserve the patient's comfort, hydration, nutrition w/out affecting the disease
- Symptomatic
- a trtmt to relieve symptoms rather than abolish their cause
- Synergism
- a positive interaction between two or more drugs
- Therapeutic trial
- experimental administration of a drug