Anatomy chapter 1 vocab
Terms
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- Anatomy
- structure of the body, the study of a structure
- Palpatation
- feeling strcture with fingertips , such as paplating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse
- Physiology
- study of a function, the functional processes of the body
- Auscultation
- listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds
- Gross Anatomy
- structure that can be seen with the naked eye, whether by surface observation or dissection.
- Hypothesis
- an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection
- Law of nature
- a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. Ex: boyles law
- theory
- Explanatory statement, or set of statements, derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses.
- Scientific Theory
- refers to less to observational procedures tan to certain habits of disciplined creatviity, careful obervation, logical thinking, nad hones analysis of one's observations and conclusions
- Inductive Method
- making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.
- Hypothetico-deductive method
- Fist ask a question and formulating a hypothesis.
- Percussion
- examiner taps on the body and listens to the sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air
- Fact
- information that can be independently verified by any trained person.
- Evolution
- change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms
- natural selection
- some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors. Ex camoflauge
- Selected pressures
- natural forces that promote the reproducive success of some individuals more than others
- Adaptations
- are features of an organisms anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these slection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its enviroment
- opposable
- they could cross the palm to touch the fingertips
- prehensible
- able to grasp branches by encircling them with the thumb and fingers
- Stereoscopic vision
- depth perception
- Bipedalism
- standing and walking on two legs
- organism
- single complete individual
- organ system
- group of organs with a unique collective function Ex: circulation
- Organ
- structure composed of two or more tissue tyeps that work together to carry out a particular function
- Tissue
- is a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function. (epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular
- cells
- are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic fucntions of life nothing smaller is considered alive
- organelles
- microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions
- Molecules
- Organelles and other cellular components are composed of these
- Reductionism
- the theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
- Holism
- complementary theory that ther are emergent properties of the whole organsim that cannot be predictred form the properties of its separate parts. human beings are more than the sum of their parts. not only treat a disease but the person too
- Organization
- living things exhibit a far higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them.
- Metabolism
- is the sum of all this internal change.
- anabolism
- relatively complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones
- catabolism
- relatively complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones
- excretion
- the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body
- differentiation
- the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cless that are committed to a particular task
- dynamic equilibrium
- balanced change
- set point
- average value for a given variable. ex 37C for body temp and fluctuates around it
- negative feedback
- a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it
- feedback loops
- alter the original changes that triggered something like body temp
- vasodialation
- widening of the blood vessels
- vasoconstriction
- narrowing of the blood vessels
- receptor
- structure that senses a change in the body
- integrating control center
- mechanism that processes this information, relates it to other available information and makes a decision abou what the appropriate response should be
- effector
- structure that carries out the response that restores homeostasis
- positive feedback
- is a self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction