Bio chapters 1-4 vocab.

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A type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive: polar covalent bond
The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds: cohesion
A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development: central vacuole
microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections, primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells: transmission electron microscope
A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group: carboxyl group
(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.: nucleus
Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and therefore have one or more double covalent bonds.: unsaturated
measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.: surface tension
Designed to compare an experimental group with a control group.: controlled experiment
Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when ______________ causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool: natural selection
The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids: primary structure
The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm: nuclear envelope
The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction: peptide bond
protein extension from a microtubule doublet in a cilium or flagellum; involved in energy conversions that drive the bending of cilia and flagella.: dynein arms
Comprehensive ideas that are much broader in scope than hypotheses: theories
A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope: electron microscope
A homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances: solution
A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces: capsule
The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle: mitochondrial matrix
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.: photosynthesis
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea: prokaryotic cell
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals: glycogen
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.: hydrogen bond
The dissolving agent of a solution: solvent
For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. ________ occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.: denaturation
A group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographic area: population
Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance.: element
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds: molecule
Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges: tertiary structure
how does the endomembrane system work?: Rough ER to Golgi, (1) secreted out of cell (2) develop into lysosome or vacuole
A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.: tight junction
A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution: buffer
A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond.: hydroxyl group
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water: stroma
An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.: amino acid
A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure: alpha helix
A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate.: glycoprotein
The simplest collection of matter that can live.: cell
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution: base
The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide: quaternary structure
A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.: amino group
A structure that connects cells within a tissue to one another: cell junctions
Adhesive junctions that link cells together into tissues: anchoring junctions
The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA: nucleoid region
The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles: endomembrane system
A membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells: lysosome
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions: organ system
One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties: isomer
A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids: protein
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, _________ exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.: chromatin
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.: mitochondrion
A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.: fat
chloroplast: An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function.: tissue
A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction: enzyme
The sum of endergonic and exergonic reactions in a working cell: cellular metabolism
The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages: secondary structure
A membrane-enclosed sac taking up most of the interior of a mature plant cell and containing a variety of substances important in plant reproduction, growth, and development: vacuole
A taxonomic category above the kingdom level.: domain
An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions: endoplasmic reticulum
An organic compound with one or more amino groups.: amine
The total atomic mass, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom: atomic weight
cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.: ribosome
All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.: community
A functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.: carbonyl group
microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography: scanning electron microscope
structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by b-1, 4-glycosidic linkages: cellulose
The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form: heat
A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion: hydrolysis
The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane: cytoplasm
A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules: temperature
One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.: isotopes
A tentative explanation a scientist proposes for a specific phenomenon that has been observed.: hypothesis
The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.: mass #
A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals: eukaryotic cell
An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge: ion
Inherited characteristics that enhance the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.: adaptations
An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens: light microscope
The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.: electronegativity
A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. _____ function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.: granum
A chemical process in which a polymer forms as monomers are linked by the removal of water molecules. One molecule of water is removed for each pair of monomers linked.: dehydration synthesis
A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).: carbohydrate
A taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain.: kingdoms
An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.: chemical bond
A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues: organ
An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP: crista
A substance that is dissolved in a solution: solute
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum: golgi apparatus
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids: macromolecule
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape: double helix
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.: atomic #
Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens and therefore have no double covalent bonds.: saturated
A channel between adjacent tissue cells through which water and other small molecules pass freely.: communicating junctions
A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity: nonpolar covalent bond
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.: acid
The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group: nucleotide
A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons: covalent bond
chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.: ionic bond

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