IB Biology Midterm Review
Terms
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- Cell Wall
- Gives shape, strength, and protection
- What kind of changes are mutations?
- Mutations are random changes but they have predictable frequencies.
- Name the 5 kingdoms
- prokaryote, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia
- Darwin-Wallace Theory of Evolution
- Natural selection, struggle for existence. Has fossil evidence to show how time has shaped changes in a species.
- Intelligent Design Theory
- Man was created by God. Based on religion and hypotheses, no real evidence.
- Function of the small intestine
- Enzymes complete the process where the end matter is absorbed by villi.
- Examples of disaccharides
- two glucose = maltose/ glucose + fructose = sucrose
- Centriole
- self-replicating organelles that move to the poles of the cell and form the spindle fibers
- Organ
- A combination of two or more tissues which function as an integrated unit, performing one or more specific functions.
- Hydrolysis
- reaction that adds water to break a molecule apart
- Population
- number of organisms in an ecosystem
- Hardy-Weinberg Principle
- Describes adaptation in terms of change in frequency of gene's alleles, can be used to calculate allele, genotype, and phenotype frequencies for genes with two alleles.
- Diffusion
- (...the thing we're using to learn this stuff. lawl.) The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
- hormones
- insulin regulates blood sugar
- Lysosome
- uses hydrolytic enzymes to digest macromolecules
- Need for Excretion
- If excess toxins, water, salts, and other wastes get built up in the system, it may cause bodily harm to the organism. The kidneys make sure this does not happen and allows for normal bodily functions to continue.
- Phospholipid bilayer
- phosphate group is polar and hydrophilic, on the surface of the membranes; lipid tails are hydrophobic and are inside the membrane; transmembrane proteins are embedded in the membrane; peripheral proteins are inside
- Prokaryote
- unicellular, no nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA
- Telophase
- chromosomes arrive at poles, spindle disappears, centrioles replicate (in animal cells), nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, chromosomes disassemble into chromatin
- Endocytosis
- movement of material into a cell by engulfing it with membrane
- Enzymes
- globular proteins that catalyze reactions
- antibodies
- assist in defense against foreign particles
- Phases of Mitosis
- Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
- Seminal vesicle
- releases a sugary solution to feed the sperm. mmmm.
- Prophase
- chromosomes become visible by "supercoiling", centrioles move to opposite poles, spindles form, nucleolus becomes invisible, nuclear membrane disappears
- Functions of membrane proteins
- hormone binding sites , enzymes , electron carriers , channels for passive transport, pumps for active transport
- Plant cell wall
- main component is cellulose; allows movement of water and mineral salts; provide mechanical support and turgor
- Animalia
- feed by ingestion
- Ecology
- study of how organisms interact with each other and their physical environment
- Plasmid
- extra DNA; can be exchanged with other cells (conjugation); promotes variation
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
- Packages proteins synthesized in the ribosome; conduit for moving things through the cell
- Function of the large intestine
- Absorbs water and passes the unabsorbable rest off as feces.
- Function of the stomach
- Digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, where the process is catalyzed by the enzyme pepsin where possible harmful bacteria are killed by the stomach's acidic condition which is also the optimum conditions for the enzyme pepsin.
- Excretory Products
- In plants: Oxygen. In animals: nitrogenous compounds and carbon dioxide.
- How do unicellular organisms carry out all functions of life.
- Unicellular organisms contain all the necessary structures required to carry out life processes as independent organisms, such as metabolism, response, homeostasis, growth, and nutrition
- Epididymus
- where mature sperm are stored, to be released in vas deferens to be part of ejaculatory fluid
- Phagocytosis
- cell eating
- Evidence of Evolution
- Biogeography (different species in different areas). Mammals show this concept. 200 million years ago, all continents were attached, 10 mil years later, they began to break apart. Mammals developed about 180 million years ago and were characterized by: constant body temperature, hair, and mammary glands.
- Linear magnification of drawings
- magnification = measured size of diagram ÷ actual size of object
- Cultural Evolution
- the accumulation of useful skills and knowledge and the discarding of harmful practices and this passed down through thousands of human generations
- Organelle
- A discrete structure within a cell with a specific function, examples are: mitchondrion, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, lysosome, ribosome, centriole, and chloroplast
- Differences of animal cells to plant cells
- Centrioles, cholesterol (in plasma membrane), and glycogen
- Differentiation
- Cells become specialized in structure and function
- Active Transport
- movement of substances across membranes against a gradient using energy
- Protoctista
- uni/multi-cellular eukaryotic, can be auto/heterotrophic, live in salt/fresh water
- Mesosomes
- plays a role in cellular respiration
- Cell Theory
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden/Schwann and plant/animal cells), Cells are the most basic unit of life, All cells arise from pre-existing cells, All vital functions of an organism occur within cells, Cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.
- Element
- substance that cannot be broken down into different compounds
- Ecosystem
- organisms of a particular habitat, such as a pond or forest, together with the physical environment
- Organ System
- A group of organs that specialize in a certain function together.
- Anaphase
- chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- Pilli
- allow for adhesion to the surface of animal cells
- Tissue
- An integrated group of cells that share structure and are adapted to perform a similar function.
- Panspermia
- Life may have originated elsewhere and came to us from space. Does not address issue of origin of life. Little meteoric evidence.
- Differences of plant cells to animal cells
- Cell walls, chloroplasts, large central vacuoles, and starch granules (for storage of Carbs)
- Ions
- atom that has gained a charge by adding or losing an ion
- List measures that can be taken to contain or reduce human impact on the environment
- reduce deforestation, the release of CFCs, fossil fuel use, use of electricity
- Spermatogenesis
- Formation of eggs in male reproductive system. Produces 4 gametes, constantly occuring (beginning at puberty), and variable release of gametes.
- Osmoregulation
- Control of water and solute levels
- Oogenesis
- Formation of eggs in female reproductive system. Produces 2 gametes, forms prophase I at birth, prophase II at menstrual cycle, and completion at time of fertilization; gametes are released monthly.
- Ribosome
- 2 subunits; made of protein and rRNA; does protein synthesis
- Carrying capacity
- the maximum number of individuals of a given species that a site can support
- Plasma Membrane
- Regulates the flow of materials in/out of the cell
- globular proteins
- long chains of amino acids folded up
- active site
- region of enzyme surface that binds to substrate during reaction catalyzed by enzyme.
- Cytokinesis
- cell division
- Examples of polysaccharides
- cellulose, starch and glycogen
- fibrous proteins
- proteins in helix or pleated sheet form
- Tumor
- Sometimes, mitosis gets out of control and a cell begins to divide and the new daughter cell begins to divide as well. Soon, this overflow of cells is called a tumor. Tumors can occur in any organ. Cancer is a disease caused by tumors.
- Speciation
- Occurs when members migrate to a different area where geographical isolation occurs. If the migrators are unique, they could lead to a different population (founder effect). IN addition, new environmental pressures can cause directional selection which can ultimately result in new species.
- Interphase
- G1 (cell growth and increase of organelles), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation for mitosis)
- prostate gland
- releases an alkaline (high pH) solution that constitutes seminal fluid; alkaline solution helps provide the proper environment for the sperm while they're in the acidic environment of the female reproductive system.
- Organic
- molecules containing carbon in living systems, and often have covalent bonds
- Examples of monosaccharides
- glucose, fructose
- Levels of taxonomy
- phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, common name
- Recombinant Alleles
- During the process of meiosis a natural mix of genes occurs creating children who are different from both parents. These genes then fuse randomly in the process of fertilization creating unique variations. This further increases variability, crossing over reshuffles genes.
- Species
- any group of organisms coexisting at the same time and place, and capable of interbreeding
- Viruses
- They are not cells. They are simple particles consisting of DNA and RNA wrapped in a protein coat. Viruses are not considered alive because they have no metabolism and they require a host to live.
- Mitosis
- nuclear division
- Dipetide
- formed from from two amino acids in a condensation reaction
- Fungi
- chitin in cell wall, absorb nutrients to live
- Metaphase
- chromosomes move to the equator, centromeres attach to spindle
- Pre-biotic conditions of Earth
- ball of molten rock and fire with a thin layer of crust. as it cooled, it began to thicken, and water formed from clouds. atmosphere contained water vapor, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. NO OXYGEN AND NO LIFE. frequent thunderstorms and lightning.
- Nucleosome
- section of DNA wrapped up by eight smaller protein molecules called histones. enables DNA to be super coiled.
- Lysosome
- Digests huuuuuuuuuuuuuge molecules and contains digestive enzymes. So it eats stuff. Nomnomnom.
- Habitat
- the environment in which an organism lives
- Physical features that define humans as primates
- Opposable thumbs, acute vision, large brain, two kinds of teeth.
- Atom
- smallest part in an element
- Osmosis
- (...another thing we're using to learn this stuff. just add water! haha.) Passive moment of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.
- List the four levels of protein structure
- primary (sequence of a chain of amino acids), secondary (occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds), tertiary (occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets), quaternary (protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain)
- Centromere
- structure on the chromosome that holds chromatids together and attaches to spindle fibers
- Mitochondrion
- site of cellular respiration
- Why is the surface area-to-volume ratio a factor for cell size?
- A cell needs a large surface area in order to carry out metabolic functions (as chemical reactions require a surface). As a cell grows, it needs to carry out more and more reactions. Therefore, since a cell has to maintain a certain surface area to volume ratio, its size is limited.The rate of exchange of materials (nutrients/waste) and energy (heat) is a function of its surface area.Volume of a cell determines requirements while surface area determines supply.
- Pinocytosis
- cell drinking
- Condensation
- reaction that links two molecules and removes a water molecule
- Electron microscope advantages
- higher resolution and magnification, may provide a three dimensional view
- Light microscope advantages
- Display color, a large field of view, easily prepared sample material, examining living material and movement, cheap
- Exocytosis
- movement of material out of a cell; intracellular material is enclosed in a vesicle that moves to the plasma membrane and fuses with it, releasing the material
- Golgi apparatus
- system of membranes for intracellular transport; forms vesicles for exocytosis
- Plantae
- eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, cell wall has cellulose, cells have chlorophyll
- Community
- the species living together at a particular site
- Facilitated diffusion
- special transport proteins assist in moving material (like ions and hydrophilic molecules) across the membrane