International Politics Test 1
Terms
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- What are Stanley Hoffman's three criteria for change and continuity?
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1) What are the systems basic units?
2) What are the policy goals of the primary units, in relation to one another?
3) What are the capabilities of the units? - What are the 3 types of analysis?
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1) Normative - analysis of values held by a society; how things should be
2) Empirical - to attach ovservable events within a theoritical frame work, use these observations as evidence for historical & statistical analysis.
3) Policy - find the best way to achieve your goal. - What are the Levels of analysis?
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1) Systemic - global actors & patters of interaction.
2) State - government type & what takes place in it.
3) Individual - leaders & citizens - Concept of sovereignty - four parts:
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1 - State is the highest authority for its people.
2 - State has the right to manage its own affairs, without outside interferance.
3 - State may not recognize any outside authority it does not want to recognize.
4 - Each state has the same international status as any other state. - Defining characters of a state:
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1 - Governing aperatus
2 - population
3 - defined borders
4 - military - Concepts of nation & nation-state
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Nation - a group of peeople who identify themselves as a group based on ethnicity, linquist, & culture - eskimo's
Nation-State - state taht has managed to maintain a group of people who identify themselves with the state within they live - Ireland or Japan. - Concept of foreign policy
- Output of states in the international system consisting of a set of decesions made by governing authorities to realize a states international goals.
- 4 categories of Foreign Policy Decesion Making:
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1 - Core-objectives - must be achieved at all times
2 - Long-range objectives - states role in the international system
3 - Middle-range objectives - economic development & social goods
4 - Short-range objectives - crisis management; 9/11 - Determinants of foreign policy: a level of analysis approach.
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Systemic Level
Geo-politics - where a state is located & its physical terrain.
Polarity of the system - concentration of power in the international system.
State Level
Military capabilities
Level of economic development
Type of gov't - demo. vs. autocracy; demo is not effiencent in F.P.
Militancy of state religion
Individual Level
What type of leader it is - Rational Actor Model
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Ideal type, views the state as a unitary rational actor.
1 - clarify its goals
2 - order these goals in importantance
3 - examine all releveant alternatives to achieve these goals
4 - examine consequences
5 - compare these consequences with alternatives
6 - decision making policy that closely matches your objective
7 - moniter & evaluate the outcomes - Bounded Rationality Model
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Reflextion of the human condition
1 - Cognative dissonance denying any discrepencies between your beliefs & new information
2 - Policy agenda's - own self interests & objectives
Satisfice - to search for acceptable choice based on minimum set requirements rather than the optimal choice (settling) - Instrumental Rationality Model
- An individual has preferences & when they are faced with 2 or more choices, they will pick the one that best meets their objectives.
- Expected utility Theory
- Expect individuals to be rational & is expected to know the utility of a preference & multiply it by the probability that, the preference can actually happen.
- Bureacratic Politics of decision-making
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1 - provide information/multiple view points & alternatives.
2 - help to carry out policy
A-Organizational Process - looks at past precedents; actions are best understood by comparission
B-Governmental Process - political aspects --> compromising - Presidential Doctrines
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--Truman (Greece)- Support free people who are resisting armed minorities or outside pressure.
--Eisenhower (Suez Crisis)- Middle East is vital to US national security
--Johnson (Cuba)- Don't allow communist government in the Western Hemisphere.
--Nixon (Vietnam)- US allies should bear a greater share of the burden for their own defense.
--Carter (Iran)-Protect its interests in the Persian Gulf.
--Reagan (Afghanistan&Nigeragu)- support for anticommunist insurgents who try to overthrow Soviet support gov'ts
--Clinton (Democratic Peace Thesis)- Seek the enlargement of peaceful liberal community of democratic states
--Bush (Sept. 11)-States that harbor terrorists are just as guility and use its power to penalize the guilty. - Three stimuli for IO's
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1 - Universal concern for the condition of humanity
2 - Big Power peace keeping concerns
3 - Functional cooperation. - Why the rapid growth for IO's
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-Increased interdependence
-Technology
-Increased recognition transnational problems
-Increased recognition that states alone can not handle these problems
-Increased number of transnational political movements
- the learning cuve - we have problems we need to adress them - Types of functions of IO's
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1 - Interactive arena
2 - Functional cooperation
- spill-over effect --> they come for one issue & see that you are efficient & effective; then they hope to help other areas
3 - Comprehensive cooperation
- then there is a push for political cooperation
4 - Act as an independant actor in the international system. - Non-state actors: definition & defining characteristics.
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Transnational that join together to work on a common goal
Not states; but volunteers from states.
Nationalism
Religious Movements
Terrorist Groups
Multi-National Coporations - 5 types of international activites pursued by militant religious and nationalist movements:
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1 - irredentism-the efforts by a group to regain control of terrority by force so that existing state boundaries will no longer sepereate the group.
2 - secession-where y ou leave the country to form their own
3 - migration-migrate to their homeland
4 - they can form diaspora's-seperate group but living in another society
5 - International terrorism - Terrorism & terrorist groups - definition & categroies of
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Terrorist Groups - groups that seek to further their political objectives through the use of violence
Terrorism - systemic use of violence for political ends intended to change attitude's & behavior
Categories
1 - National Groups-that aspire to state-hood; Basques in Spain
2 - Domestic opposition groups-want a radical change of governement in their state
3 - Offical/unoffical extension of the state-the state is usuing terrorist groups against people of the state who are critics
4 - state sponsored terroism - Saudi Arabi sponsorship of Al-Quaida - What is a theory & its 3 functions?
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Theory is an attempt to make the world or some part of it more intelligable or understandable
Its a set of hypothesis that postulates the relationship between variables, often assumes or seeks to find a causal relationship between variables
3 functions : Describe, explain and Predict. -
Assumptions and policy prescriptions:
Idealism -
Assumptions:
1 - Human nature is good.
2 - war & conflict are teh result of flawed institutions & need to be replaced w/human institutions that meets humans needs
3 - war is an international problem that requires collective action
Policy Prescriptions:
1 - create institutions based on collective security:1 nation rises up all others put down
2 - Empasis legal processes for conflict managment
3 - States shoudl follow efforts to control arms
4 - Policy should be formulated on ethical standards of behavior as well support should be present for the pursuit of democracy -
Assumptions and policy prescriptions:
Realism -
Assumptions
1 - Human nature is bad
2 - States are the most important actors both rational & unitary all states have the same interest of gaining power
3 - conflicting interests between states leads to war regardless of international law
4 - power is critical to state survival & determining the outcome of a conflict
Prescriptions:
1 - if a state has an international agreement; it will only obey them when it suits their interests.
2 - states should never entrust security in an international organization
3 - build military capabilities
4 - beware of alliances -
Methodology:
Traditionalism v. Behavioralism -
How we can study international politics.
1 - Traditionalist - focus on description & classification of events
case study analysis --> only 1 at a time
generalizations will make you have many qualifications
1 - Behavioralist - application of scientific method & rigorus theorizing
have a statement of a relationship between variables create dependent & independent variables
stipulate conditions under which the relationship is expected to hold