Psyc exam 3: terms
Terms
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- IQ (mental ability)
- intellectual potential or general mental ability
- Aptitude (mental ability)
- talent for special areas of learning
- Achievement (mental ability)
- previous learning, mastery of specific areas
- Creativity (type of thinking)
- ability to think in a novel way and develop unique solutions to problems
- Convergent (type of thinking)
- produces one correct answer, characteristic of thinking tested by intelligence tests
- Divergent (type of thinking)
- produces many answers to the same question
- Mental retardation
- Low IQ, below 70, onset by 18.
- Giftedness
- Above average IQ, above 130, precocious, driven, individualistic.
- Phonology (evolution of language)
- rules regarding how sounds are perceived as different.
- Morphology (evolution of language)
- units of meaning in word formation
- Syntax (evolution of language)
- way words are combined to form phrases and sentences.
- Semantics (evolution of language)
- meaning of words and sentences
- Pragmatics (evolution of language)
- appropriate use of language in context
- Basic cry (infant crying)
- rhythmic pattern - cry, brief silence, whistle, rest.
- Anger cry (infant crying)
- similar to basic, but more air is forced through vocal chords.
- Pain cry (infant crying)
- sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary whimpering. Long cry followed by breath holding.
- Child-directed (adult influence on language)
- high pitched voice, short words and sentences.
- Recasting
- rephrasing child's statement in the form of a question.
- Expanding (adult influences on language)
- restating in linguistically sophisticated form.
- Labeling (adult influence on language)
- Identifying the names of objects.
- Whole language approach (teaching reading)
- parallel child's natural language learning; material should be meaningful
- Basic skills and phonics approach (teaching reading)
- emphasizes the teaching of phonics and its basic rules for translating writing into sound.
- Broca's Area (brain)
- Area in left frontal lobe that directs muscle movement in speech production.
- Wernicke's Area (brain)
- area in left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension.
- Democratic (type of parent)
- encourage adolescents to participate in family decision making. Foster identity achievement.
- Autocratic (type of parents)
- control behavior without giving adolescent an opportunity to express opinions. Encourage identity foreclosure.
- Permissive (type of parent)
- provide little guidance to adolescents and allow them to make own decisions. Promotes identity diffusion.
- Secure attachment (type of attachment)
- caregiver is secure base to explore environment from.
- Insecure attachment (type of attachment)
- shows insecurity by avoiding caregiver.
- Insecure resistant attachment (type of attachment)
- clings to caregiver, then resists closeness.
- Insecure disorganized attachment (type of attachment)
- shoes insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.
- Type of parent in secure attachment
- Sensitive and available.
- Type of parent in avoidant attachment
- Unavailable or rejecting.
- Type of parent in resistant attachment
- Inconsistent.
- Type of parent in disorganized attachment
- Neglectful or abusive.
- Secure attachment in adolescents
- positive relationship with parents reflected in social life.
- Dismissing/avoidant attachment in adolescence
- caregiver is rejecting, making adolescent indifferent
- Preoccupied/ambivalent attachment in adolescence
- insecurity in adolescent due to inconsistent parenting.
- Unresolved disorganized attachment in adolescent
- insecure adolescent, fearful due to trauma (abuse).
- Infatuation
- Passion
- Affection
- Intimacy, commitment
- Fatuous
- Passion, commitment
- Consummate
- Passion, intimacy, and commitment
- Self
- All characteristics of a person
- Identity
- Person who represents a synthesis and integration of self understanding.
- Personality
- enduring personal characteristics of individuals. Broad, encompassing both self and identity.
- Self-esteem
- overall evaluative dimension of self.
- Self-concept
- specific evaluative dimensions of self.
- Self-regulation
- ability to control one's behavior without having to rely on others for help.
- Identity diffusion (Marcia's theory)
- no commitment, no ideas of alternatives in adolescents.
- Identity foreclosure (Marcia's theory)
- commitment, no ideas of alternatives. Passed down to adolescents from parents.
- Identity moratorium (Marcia's theory)
- explored alternatives, no commitment, in the midst of a crisis.
- Identity achievement (Marcia's theory)
- explored alternatives, made commitment, undergone crises
- Trait theories (personality theories)
- broad dispositions that produce characteristic responses
- Stage theories (personality theories)
- crises shape personality
- Life-events approach (personality theories)
- adaptation to events in life shapes personality