Physical Science Midterm
Terms to know for Russell's midterm physical science exam
Terms
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- average atomic mass
- weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element
- valance electron
- an electron that is in the highest occupied energy level of an atom
- element
- substance made from only one kind of atom and cannot be broken into simpler substances
- atom
- smallest particle that has the properties of an element
- polar covalent bond
- a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
- miscible
- describes two or more liquids that are able to dissolve into each other in various proportions
- mass number
- the total number of protons and electrons in the nucleus of the atom
- metallic bond
- a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them
- chemical structure
- the arrangement of bonded atoms or ions within a substance
- molecule
- a neutral group of atoms that are joined together by one or more covalent bonds
- ionic bond
- the force that holds cations and anions together
- alkaline earth metals
- the elements in group 2
- anion
- an ion with a negative charge
- reactant
- a substance that undergoes a chemical change
- periodic law
- the pattern of repeating properties displayed by elements in the periodic table
- halogens
- the elements in group 17; means salt forming
- periodic table
- an arrangement of elements in columns based on a set of properties that repeat from row to row
- isotopes
- any atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons
- ionization
- process of adding electrons to or removing electrons from an atom or a group of atoms
- chemical formula
- chemical symbols and numbers indicating the atoms contained in the basic unit of a substance
- period
- a horizontal row in the periodic of elements
- product
- a substance that is the result of a chemical change
- crystals
- solids whose particles are arranged in a lattice structure
- polyatomic ion
- a covalently bonded group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge and acts as a unit
- matter
- anything that has mass and takes up space
- chemistry
- study of how matter and how it changes
- mixture
- combination of more than one pure substance physically combined
- atomic number
- the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom
- transition metals
- elements that form a bridge between elements on the left and right sides of the periodic table
- endothermic reaction
- a reaction in which energy is transferred to the reactants as heat from the surroundings
- metals
- elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current
- proton
- positively charged subatomic particle of nucleus
- neutron
- a neutral subatomic particle in the nucleus of the atom
- chemical bond
- the force that holds atoms or ions together as a unit
- bond angle
- the angle formed by two bonds to the same atom
- product
- a substance that is the result of a chemical change
- alkali metals
- the elements in group 1 of the periodic table, not including hydrogen
- chemical formula
- notation that shows elemnets a compound contains and the ratio of the atoms or ions of these elements in these compounds
- group
- a column of elements in a periodic table
- electron dot diagram
- a diagram of an atom, ion or molecule in which each dot represents a valance electron
- nonmetals
- elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current
- chemical equation
- an equation that uses chemical formulas and symbols to show the reactants and products in a chemical equation
- ion
- an atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained an electron and has a positive or negative charge
- cation
- an ion with a positive charge
- bond length
- the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
- nucleus
- the center of the atom made up of protons and neutrons
- exothermic reaction
- a reaction that transfers energy from the reactants to the surroundings as heat
- noble gases
- the elements in group 18; have completely filled outer electrons and do not form compounds in nature
- electron
- a negatively charged subatomic particle moving around the nucleus
- orbital
- region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons
- atomic mass unit
- one twelfth of the mass of a carbon 12 atom
- pure substances
- any matter that has a fixed composition and definite properties
- immiscible
- describes two or more liquids that do not mix into each other
- metalloids
- elements with properties that fall between those of metals and nonmetals; also called semiconductors
- chemical energy
- the energy stored within atoms and molecules that can be released when a substance reacts
- covalent bond
- a chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of valance electrons
- compound
- substance made of more than one element chemically bound together