Physical Anthropology Test 1
Terms
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- Anthropology
- the science of human cultural and biological variation and evolution
- Epidemiology
- the branch of medicine dealing with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations
- Culture
- shared, learned behavior through the process of learning rather than instinct
- Biocultural Approach
- studying humans in terms of the interaction between biology and culture in evolutionary adaptations
- Comparative Approach
- comparing human populations to determine common and unique behaviors or biological traits
- Evolution
- The change in gene frequencies in a population over time
- Adaptation
- a human's way of adjusting culture based on needs
- Paleoanthropology
- study of the fossil remains of human evolution
- Enculturation
- how we learn our culture
- options when dealing with carrying capacity
-
1. limit the population
2. increase food supply
3. migration - Ethnocentrism
- the belief that your culture is "better" than other ways of life
- Subfields of Anthropology
-
1. Cultural Anthropology
2. Linguistic Anthropology
3. Archeology
4. Physical or Biological Anthropology - Cultural Anthropology
- study of living people (not past)
- Etic
- Outsider's point of view
- Emic
- insider's point of view
- Linguistic Anthropology
- study of human language
- Archaeology
- deals with past cultures
- Physical or Biological Anthropology
- focuses on human biology
- Falsification
- rejecting a hypothesis
- Theory
- a hypothesis tested over and over and never proven wrong
- Imperical Data
- observed data (you can see, touch)
- William Smith
- studied layers of earth and rejected idea that earth was 6,000 years old
- Mendel
-
worked with pea plants
discovered the atom
created dominant/recessive traits - Darwin's Works and when
-
1859 - Origin of Species
1871 - The Descent of Man - Gould and Eldridge Work
- 1974
- What % DNA do we share with chimps?
- 98%
- How many bones (on average) in humans and chimps?
- 206
- Jane Goodall
- Behavior studies - compared chimp and human behavior
- How many genes (on average) in humans?
- 35,000
- Gene Frequency
- how often genes occur
- Chimp has how many chromosomes?
- 48
- Humans have how many chromosomes?
- 46
- Genotype
- Genetic endowment of an individual (the gene saying/coding that you are going to have brown eyes)
- Phenotype
- the actual observable trait (you physically having brown eyes)
- When did we crack the DNA code?
- 1940's
- Oswald Avery
- Discovered DNA double helix
- Chromosomes
- long strands of DNA that contain the genes
- Watson and Crick
- Came up with Principle of Complementarity
- Mitosis
- process of replication of chromosomes in body cells; ordinary cell replication
- Meiosis
- creation of sex cells by replication of chromosomes followed by cell division; genetic code passed on; sex cell replication
- Mechanisms of Evolution
-
1. Natural Selection
2. Mutation
3. Genetic Drift
4. Gene Flow - Genetic Drift
- Genetic isolation; the idea that if you have a restricted population, the genes will be shared within that population
- Gene Flow
- genes from one population are flowing to another population; reverses the flow of genetic drift; decreases the difference between the populations and makes them more like other populations
- Alleles
- Different forms of genes
- Gene
- segment of a chromosome
- Homozygous
- both alleles at a given locus are the same
- Heterozygous
- the two alleles at a given locus are different
- Co-Dominant
- when two different alleles are present in a genotype and they are both expressed
- K-selected
- produce fewer offspring and invest more care into them (humans)
- R-selected
- produce more offspring (fish)
- Phyletic Gradualism
- groups of organisms related to each other change slowly over time; microevolution occuring at a very slow rate (Darwin's straight line)
- Microevolution
- changes within a species
- Macroevolution
- changing into a new species
- Punctuated equilibrium
- gaps in the fossil record; organisms in equilibrium with their environment; something happens and rapid speciation takes place; a model of macroevolutionary change in which long periods of little evolutionary change are followed by relatively short periods of rapid evolutionary change
- What does Carl Sagen mean when he says, "Life is a three letter word?"
- Amino acids are combinations of three letter DNA that bond together to make proteins; you read them three at a time
- 4 Engines of Evolution
-
1. Natural Selection
2. Mutation
3. Genetic Drift
4. Gene flow - Natural selection
- Darwin's ideas of fitness in a reproductive sense; survival of the fittest; over-achieving theory
- Mutation
- the ultimate source of new genetic information acted upon by natural selection; not necessarily bad or abnormal things; random changes in our genes
- Biological species
- mating naturally and producing fertile offspring
- Polgenic traits
- trait influenced by one or more genes
- Pleitropic genes
- a gene that influences or affects one or more traits
- Paleospecies
- extinct species
- Anagenisis
- straight-line evolution; evolving directly from ancestors
- Cladogenesis
- branching evolution
- Demographer
- someone studying populations
- Gamete
- sex cells
- Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
-
1. Mechanics
2. Different Pollinators
3. Hybrid Inviability
4. Gamete isolation
5. Sexual
6. Seasonal
7. Hybrid sterility
8. Ecological - Who created Piltdown?
- Charles Dawson
- Bishop Usher
- Counted all begats in the bible and said the earth was 6,000 years old
- Thomas Huxley
-
Darwin's bulldog
Defended Darwin's theory of evolution - Lamark
- Giraffe neck
- Code for down syndrome
- tri-somey 21
- independent assortment
- independent segregation and assortment of chromosomes during sexual reproduction. Independent assortment occurs during meiosis
- What gene controls language
- Fox P2 gene
- Processes that do not change gene frequencies in the population
-
1. Crossing-over
2. Recombination
3. Mating - Processes that do change gene frequencies in the population (they cause evolution directly)
-
1. Mutation
2. Gene Flow