AP Psych Chapter 11 Intelligence
Terms
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- intelligence
- mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
- factor analysis
- a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score
- general intelligence (g)
- a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measure by every task on an intelligence test
- Howard Gardner
- psychologist; devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic
- theory of multiple intelligences
- Howard Gardner's theory of eight intelligences used to solve problems or solve culturally significant products
- triarchic theory of intelligence
- Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions
- savant syndrome
- a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
- emotional intelligence
- the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
- creativity
- the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
- convergent thinking
- narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer
- divergent thinking
- trying to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions
- intelligence test
- a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
- mental age
- a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance--thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
- Stanford-Binet
- the widely used America revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test
- intelligence quotient (IQ)
- defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca*100); on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
- aptitude test
- a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn (the AT part of SAT)
- achievement test
- a test designed to assess what a person has learned
- WAIS
- Weschler Adult Intelligence Test the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
- standardization
- defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group
- standardization sample
- the group of people helping to standardize a test
- normal curve
- the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes; most scores fall near the average, and few and fewer scores lie near the extremes
- reliability
- the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
- validity
- the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to (see also content validity and predictive validity)
- content validity
- the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)
- criterion
- the behavior (such as future college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
- mental retardation
- a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
- metacognition
- thinking about thinking
- Down syndrome
- a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
- stereotype threat
- a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
- predictive validity
- the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test score and the criterion behavior (also called criterion-related validity)
- Flynn Effect
- the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years