A&P:Ch.4, Tissues
Terms
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- 4 primary tissue types?
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1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous - What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
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1.Covers and lines all body cavities
2.Provides protective barrier to organs and tissues
3.Some absorb and secrete substances
4.Provides sensory input to other tissues - Tight Junction
- An epithelial attachment that is found where there can be no leaks
- Gross Anatomy
- Study of anatomical structures that are visible to the naked eye
- Desosome Junction
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Juntion in epithelial cells where filaments interlock with one another (velcro)
-found in areas where stretching and tension occur - List 2 examples of where Tight Junctions occur?
- Urinary and digestive tract
- How are epithelial tissues catagorized?
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1.Shape:squamous,cuboidal,columnar
2.Configuration:simple,stratified - 3 major junctional complexes in epithelial cells
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1. Tight Junction
2. Desosome Junction
3. Gap Junctions - Where are Desosome junctions found?
- In areas that stretch and undergo tension: heart, skin, uterus
- Basement Membrane
- -Foundation of epithelial cells acting as a barrier btwn underlying tissue
- Where are Gap Junctions found?
- In areas that quickly transport electrical info: heart, smooth muscle, intestines
- Gap Junctions
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Junction in epithelial cells that are linked by tubular channel proteins called connexons
-able to transport electrical signals - Simple epithelial tissues
- Have a single layer of cells
- Stratified Epithelial Tissue
- Composed of multiple layers of cells
- What are the 6 types of connective tissue?
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1. Cartlidge
2. Bone
3. Fibrous connective tissue
4. Loose connective tissue
5. Adipose tissue
6. Blood - What connective tissue is found in most of the respiratory passages and in the ears?
- Cartlidge
- Connective Tissue
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-Functions to bind and support
-consists of cells imbedded in a nonliving matrix (unlike epithelial) - What are cartilage cells embedded in?
- collagen
- Bone cells are embedded in?
- collagen and minerals and form the skeleton
- Fibrous and loose connective tissues are embedded in?
- elastin and collagen to form tendons and ligaments(fibrous), and underly skin (loose)
- Adipose tissue cells are embedded in?
- lipid matrix
- 3 types of connective fibers
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1. collagenous
2. Reticular
3. Elastic - Collagenous Fibers
- composed of collagen, they are strong and are found in tendons and ligaments
- Reticular Fibers
- are composed of callogen,they are thin and delicate, they support highly cellular organs such as the endocrine glands and liver.
- Elastic Fibers
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-composed of the protein elastin, they can stretch and contract, occur in tissues that stretch (lungs, skin)
-branch into networks
-have bundles of microfibrils that can coil and strentch like a rubber band
-aka yellow fibers - What are the 2 major catagories of Connective tissue cells?
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1. Fixed
2. Wandering - What are the 3 types of Wandering Cells?
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1.leukocytes
2.mast cells
3.macrophages - What is a gland?
- group of cells that make and discharge a secretion
- What is an endocrine gland and its main function?
- They produce hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream or lymphatic system
- What are exocrine glands and their main function?
- They discharge secretions locally, such as sweat and salivary.
- Where are goblet cells found?
- They are found in simple epithelia
- What are Fixed cells? Name some fixed cells.
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1 of 2 types of Connective tissue cell types, they stay in the conn. tissue (vs. pass out), they produce and maintain the matrix
IE's: fibroblasts,adipose,reticular - What are Fibroblasts?
- Fibroblasts are a type of fixed cell found in conn. tissue.
- What are adipose cells?
- They are fat cells, they are a fixed cell found in conn. tissues.
- What are reticular cells?
- cells involved in immune response, they are a fixed cell found in conn. tissues
- What are 3 types of Wandering Cells?
- leukocytes, mast, macrophages
- What are wandering cells?
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Cells found in connective tissues that pass in/out of the tissue (vs. staying fixed in the tissue)
-Wandering cells repair and protect the tissue - What are leukocytes?
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aka white blood cells
They are a wandering cell found in conn. tissue, found in the blood, larger than RBC's, they FIGHT INFECTION and MANUFACTURE ANTIBODIES - What are mast cells?
- type of wandering cell, They contain histamine and heparin which are released when a foreign invader is detected (to help fight it off with allergic and inflammitory reactions)
- What are macrophages?
- They are both fixed and wandering cells, they are drawn to infection or inflammation to engulf microinvaders
- What are the 3 things all connective tissues are made of?
- Ground substance, cells, fibers
- What is cartilidge?
- tough conn. tissue found in joints and prevents bones from rubbing together
- What is bone?
- hardest type of conn. tissue that form the skeleton and protects the organs and marrow produces blood cells
- What are membranes and their main function?
- When connective and epithelial tissues link together to COVER surfaces, LINE cavities, SEPERATE organs
- What are the 4 common types of membranes?
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1.mucous
2.serous
3.cutaneous
4.synovial - What is the function of mucous membranes?
- produce mucous to reduce friction(digestive system) and entrap particles(resp. system)
- Where are mucous membranes found?
- Digestive, reproductive, urinary, respiratory
- What does mucous consist of?
- water, electrolytes, antibodies, and the protein mucin.
- Where are serous membranes found?
- thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
- What are the 2 layers of the serous membranes?
- visceral layer is closest to the organ, parietal layer is closest to the body cavity.
- What is the function of serous membranes?
- They line organs and reduce friction btwn organs and cavities
- What are the mesenteries?
- supportive ligaments formed from the visceral layer of the serous membrane-they secure organs to the body wall in the abd and pelvic cavities.
- What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
- smooth, skeltal, cardiac
- What is smooth muscle?
- found in digestive tract, contracts involuntarily
- What is skeletal muscle?
- It attaches to bones and is under voluntary control
- What is cardiac muscle?
- unique to the heart and allow for contraction and relaxation of heart tissue to pump blood, involuntary
- What is nervous tissue?
- it conducts impulses throughout the body-found in peripheral and CNS
- What initially happens when tissue is damaged?
- vasoconstriction occurs and decreases blood flow to the area-which helps control hemorrhaging.
- What steps are involved in tissue damage and repair?
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1.vasoconstriction
2.vasodilation=area becomes warm & red
3.Plasma rushes to area=tissue swells
4.clots form as wbc remove infection
5. inflammation subsides due to wbc response
6. blood vessels return to normal
7.granulation tissue forms-further protect
8. new epithelial cells form epithelial layer around the tissue
9.scar tissue closes wounded area - During what healing stages does granulation tissue form?
- sencond and third intention healing stages
- What is the first step in the inflammatory response?
- vasoconstriction
- What are synovial membranes
- Line the joint cavities and produce synovial fluid to reduce friction
- What are cutaneous membranes?
- considered an organ system, aka integument
- Which membranes line the joints?
- synovial
- What are cartilidge cells called?
- chondrocytes
- What membrane lines the thorax, abd, and pelvic cavities?
- serous membranes
- What type of tissue is comprised of cells in a nonliving matrix?
- Connective tissue
- Tendons and ligaments are formed from what?
- fibrous connective tissue