Plant Biology 2
Terms
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- Element
- fundamental unit of matter
- Atom
- smallest particle into which a substance can be divided and still retain chemical properties
- Nucleus
- control center of cell
- electron
- negative control that orbits around an atom; can create bonds
- Covalent Bond
- atoms share electrons to create bond
- Ionic Bond
- attracted by opposite electrical charges
- H-Bond
- weakest
- Cohesion
- through H-bonding, water molecules hold onto each other
- Adhesion
- through H-bonding, water molecules hold onto other surfaces; how water gets up trees
- Nucleic Acids
- info storage devices in cells; made of nucleotides
- Nucleotides
- A, T, G, C, & U - code for amino acids
- DNA
- double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, bases = A, G, C, T
- RNA
- single stranded, ribose sugar, bases = A, G, C, U
- Hydrophobic
- a compound that has no polarity and is mostly made up of C-H or C-C bonds, so like oil, it does not dissolve or mix
- Hydrophilic
- a compound that has polar properties and dissolves in water
- Organic
- molecules where carbon is the main building block
- Polymer
- molecule built up of long chains of similar subunits
- Carbohydrate
- make up structural frame work of cells; energy storage
- Starch
- glucose polysaccharide that stores energy in plants
- Lipids
- biological molecules not soluble in water
- Fats
- long term energy storage
- Amino Acids
- determine the shape of proteins
- Proteins
- polymers made up of amino acids; play important structural roles; many are enzymes
- Enzymes
- catalyze reactions
- Heredity
- traits passed from parents to offspring
- Gene-trait
- factors that act later in offspring to produce traits
- DNA-RNA-PROTEIN
- order it takes to synthesize and create new proteins
- Genetic code
- "language" of genes; 20 amino acids
- Codon
- basic unit of genetic code; 3 nucleotides that code for polypeptide termination
- transcription
- 1st stage of gene expression; an mRNA is synthesized from a gene within the DNA
- translation
- 2nd stage of gene expression; mRNA is used to direct the production of a protein
- Ribosome
- site of protein synthesis
- Promotor
- contains sequences that are bound by proteins that turn expression on or off
- cell
- a unit of cytoplasm that is delimited by the cell membrane
- Prokaryote
- organisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archae that lack a membrane-bound nucleus; multi-cellular organism
- Eukaryote
- organism whose cells have their DNA contained within a membrane-bound nucleus; multi-cellular organism
- Plasma membrane
- outer membrane composed of phospholipid molecules arranged in a bilayer that surround all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
- Semi permeable
- only a few certain molecules get through
- Cytoplasm
- the watery living material of the cell inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus
- Chromatin
- darkly stained colored material composed of DNA and proteins in eukaryotic chromosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- network of flattened membrane sacs or tubes and vesicles that arise from them. Smooth ER makes fatty acids and phospholipids; Rough ER makes proteins
- Golgi body
- stacked array of membrane sacs that make up the golgi apparatus
- secretion
- on organism releasing something (hormone)
- mitochondrion
- organelles present in eukaryotic cells that are the location for the generation of energy in the form of ATP by the process of respiration
- cell wall
- rigid portion of the extra cellular matrix of plants, fungi, bacteria and many protests
- amyloplast
- non-green starch-rich plasids with few thylanoids that occur in roots and other starch storage tissue
- chloroplast
- organelle or plasid that contains cholorophyll in plants and algae and is the site of photosynthesis
- vacuole
- membrane-bound, water-filled sac; water, ion, and pigment storage; supports cell by turgor pressure, cell enlargement
- shoot
- above ground organ system of a plant, usually upright, but sometimes growing horizontally above the ground
- stem
- the shoot of vascular plants; contains vascular tissue and typically produces leaves and reproductive organs
- leaves
- the dorsiventral (flattened with distinct upper and lower surfaces) organs of vascular plants that are specialized for photosynthesis
- roots
- mineral and water absorption organs of plants
- nodes
- point on a stem where one or more branches, leaves, or buds are attached
- internodes
- space along a stem between nodes = location of leave and bud emergence
- axillary buds
- buds that occur in the axil fo the leaf Axil = upper angle between a stem and a branch or the petiole fo an attached leaf
- mitosis aka cell division
- process of duplicating a cell where a singe cell divides into two
- chromosomes
- genome broken up as chunks of DNA
- cell cycle
- interphase & mphase, G1, s phase, G2
- proliferate
- all daughter cells are the same
- formative
- fate of each daughter cell is different (they don't become the same cell type)
- differentiation
- along with cell division and cell enlargement, it accounts for the generation of tissues and organs
- SAM
- shoot apical meristem - contribute to plant growth and development
- RAM
- root apical meristem - contribute to plant growth and development
- secondary growth
- ocurs in woody plants
- vascular cambium
- secondary meristem
- (cork) cambium
- forms bark (acts as replacement for epidermis)
- asexual reproduction
- reproduction without sex
- sexual reproduction
- reproduction with sex, involves fusion of two cells
- meiosis
- production of gametes, involves two divisions of the nucleus, produces 4 genetically variable haploid nuclei because of recombination and segregation, occurs in sex cells
- recombination
- combinations of genes on the same chromosome can be "re-mixed" by recommendation, allowing significant genetic variation in offspring
- random segregation
- cause haploids to be genetically different
- haploid
- half set of DNA
- diploid
- full set of DNA
- alternation of generation
- unique feature of plants, after meiosis, get multicellular, haploid gametophyte that contains egg and sperm. In primitive plants, it si a free living organism. In flowering plants, it is only a few cells and it lives within the sporophye (2N plant).
- gametophyte
- produce eggs and sperm
- sepal
- protects developing flower bed, photosynthetic - often green leaf-like
- petal
- often highly colored and showy, attract pollinators to flowers, number and shape depends on plant family - some highly modified
- stamen
- male part of flower, made up of anther and filament, pollen-bearing leaves
- anther
- pollen produced here
- pistil
- female part of flower
- stigma
- pollen reception surface
- style
- column through which pollen grows
- ovary
- contains ovules inside a cavity; develops into the fruit
- perfect vs. imperfect flower
- perfect has both sexes present while imperfect has one sex per flower
- pollen & pollen tube
- male gamete produced inside the anther; where pollen grows in the ovary
- ovary and female gametophyte
- where ovum is produced and fertilized; ovum
- double fertilization
- first sperm fertilizes egg (forms zygote), second sperm fertilizes (fuses with) the polar nuclei. Forms a triploid (3N)nucleus = Endosperm Cell
- zygote
- cell divides my mitosis into an embryo (sporophyte)
- embryo
- zygote that forms within the seed; contains meristems and one or two embryonic leaves called cotyleons
- endosperm
- cell also divides to form endosperm tissue (3N=triploid). Food for germinating seedling, only flowering plant seeds have endosperm
- dicot and monocot
- dicot contains two otyledons and monocot has one
- dormant
- at maturity, seeds dry up and the tissues become dormant; metabolize at very low rates
- malted barley
- seeds soaked in water that are allowed to germinate for a short time, hydrolytic enzymes breakdown proteins and starch into sugars used be the embryo to grow. The seeds are roasted killing the embryo and then used to make beer.