Apologia Biology Module Five (5) Second (2nd) Edition
Terms
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- What is anything that has mass and takes up space?
- Matter
- What is an explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen?
- Model
- What is a collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons?
- Element
- What are chemicals that result from atoms linking together?
- Molecules
- What is a change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance?
- Physical change
- What is a change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance?
- Chemical change
- What is the name for three forms of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) that every substance is capable of attaining?
- Phase
- What is the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
- Diffusion
- What is a measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume?
- Concentration
- What is a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through?
- Semipermeable membrane
- What is a substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process?
- Catalyst
- What is a molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorus?
- Organic molecule
- What are two different molecules that have the same chemical formula?
- Isomers
- What are simple carbohydrates that contain three to ten carbon atoms?
- Monosaccharides
- What are carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides?
- Disaccharides
- What are carbohydrates that are made up of three or more monosaccharides?
- Polysaccharides
- What is a chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water?
- Dehydration reaction
- What is the breaking down of complex molecules by the chemical addition of water?
- Hydrolysis
- What is a bond that links amino acids together in a protein?
- Peptide bond
- What is the process by which living organisms produce larger molecule from smaller ones?
- Biosynthesis
- What are found in the center of an atom in the Bohr model?
- Neutrons and protons
- What are found in orbit around the center of an atom in the Bohr model?
- Electrons
- Where are neutrons found in the Bohr model of the atom?
- In the center
- Where are protons found in the Bohr model of the atom?
- In the center
- Where are electrons found in the Bohr model of the atom?
- In orbit around the center
- What determines the vast majority of properties in an atom?
- The number of electrons
- Why is the Bohr model called the planetary model?
- Electrons, like planets, are in orbit around protons and neutrons (the sun) at the center.
- What does the number mean behind an atom's name (i.e., carbon-14)?
- It means the number of protons and neutrons added together.
- What is the difference between an atom and an element?
- An element is a collection of atoms with the same number of protons/electrons. Different atoms within that element have a slightly different number of neutrons.
- How many electrons are in an atom with 17 protons?
- 17 electrons
- How many protrons are in an atom with 17 electrons?
- 17 protons
- How many neutrons are in an atom with 17 protons?
- We need more information.
- How many atoms are present in the molecule H2CO3?
- 6 atoms
- What atoms are present in H2CO3? How many of each are present?
- 2 hydrogens, 1 carbon, and 3 oxygens
- Is C3H8O an atom, element, or molecule?
- Molecule
- Is carbon an atom, element, or molecule?
- Element
- Is carbon-12 an atom, element, or molecule?
- Atom
- If you add energy to the molecules of a solid, what will be the next phase of matter?
- Liquid
- If you add energy to the molecules of a liquid, what will be the next phase of matter?
- Gas
- If you remove energy from the molecules of a gas, what will be the next phase of matter?
- Liquid
- If you remove energy from the molecules of a liquid, what will be the next phase of matter?
- Solid
- What kind of membrane do you need to study osmosis?
- Semipermeable
- What kind of membrane do you need to study diffusion?
- Fully permeable
- Two solutions of different solute concentration are separated by a membrane. After awhile, the water levels of the two solutions change. Has osmosis or diffusion taken place?
- Osmosis
- Two solutions of different solute concentration are separated by a membrane. After awhile, the concentration levels of the two solutions change, but the water levels stay the same. Has osmosis or diffusion taken place?
- Diffusion
- What are two ways to speed up a chemical reaction?
- Catalyst or higher temperatures
- What three elements do all carbohydrates possess?
- Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate?
- 2 hydrogens to 1 oxygen
- What four things are necessary for photosynthesis?
- sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water
- Of the four things necessary for photosynthesis (sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water), which is a catalyst?
- Chlorophyll
- Of the four things necessary for photosynthesis (sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water), which are the reactants?
- Carbon dioxide and water
- Of the four things necessary for photosynthesis (sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water), which is the energy?
- Sunlight
- 6C02 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 is the balanced chemical equation for what process?
- Photosynthesis
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What are the reactants in the following equation for photosynthesis?
6C02 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 - Carbon dioxide and water
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What are the products in the following equation for photosynthesis?
6C02 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 - Glucose and oxygen
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How many molecules of carbon dioxide react in the following equation for photosynthesis?
6C02 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6 molecules of carbon dioxide
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How many molecules of water react in the following equation for photosynthesis?
6C02 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6 molecules of water
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How many molecules of glucose are produced in the following equation for photosynthesis?
6C02 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 1 molecule of glucose
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How many molecules of oxygen are produced in the following equation for photosynthesis?
6C02 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6 molecules of oxygen
- What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
- 6C02 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Which of the following is a carbohydrate: CO2, H2O, C6H12O6, 6O2?
- C6H12O6
- Which of the following is not a carbohydrate: glucose, fructose, water, sucrose?
- Water
- What kind of reaction is used for building disaccharides, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins?
- Dehydration reaction
- What kind of reaction can break down disaccharides, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins?
- Hydrolysis
- What is the chemical structure of an acid group, required in all organic acids?
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O
â•‘
OHî º C -
Which is NOT an acid? Why?
Vinegar
O
â•‘
OHî º Cî ºCH3
Ethyl Alcohol
H2Câ•CH2 -
Ethyl alcohol because it lacks an acid group:
O
â•‘
OHî º C - What does the pH scale measure?
- The pH scale measures the level of acid or base on a scale from 0 to 14.
- What number represents neutral (neither acid nor base) on the pH scale?
- pH = 7
- What numbers represents acids on the pH scale?
- pH < 7
- What numbers represents bases on the pH scale?
- pH > 7
- What colors represents acids on pH paper?
- Reds, oranges, yellows
- What colors represents bases on pH paper?
- Blues, purples, greens
- What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
- Amino acids
- What are the basic building blocks of lipids?
- Fatty acids
- What are the basic building blocks of polysaccharides?
- Monosaccharides
- If two proteins contain the same type and number of amino acids, but the order in which they link up is different, are the properties of the two proteins the same?
- No, different order will mean different properties.
- What are enzymes, and for what purpose are they usually used?
- They are catalysts that break down food chemicals during digestion.
- What is the active site of an enzyme?
- It is the slot into which the only chemical needing to be broken down can fit.
- Why is an enzyme like a lock and key?
- Only one shape of chemical will fit into the active site and be broken down by the enzyme. Other chemicals cannot be broken down by a specific enzyme.
- What are the **THREE** basic parts of the nucleotide?
- Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and the nucleotide base.
- What holds the two helixes in a DNA molecule together?
- Hydrogen bonding
- How does DNA store information?
- The pattern of nucleotide pairs (cytosine/guanine or adenine/thymine) represent informaiton in a coded format much like dots and dashes represent letters in the Morse code.
- What determines all of properties in an atom?
- The number of electrons, protons, and neutrons
- What is a strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules?
- Hydrogen bonding
- An atom is called lead-207. It has 82 electrons. How many protons does it have? How many neutrons does it have?
- 82 protons and 125 neutrons
- An atom has 8 neutrons and 7 protons. Another atom has 8 neutrons and 6 protons. Do they belong in the same element?
- No, atoms in the same element have the same number of protons and electrons. (FYI, the first atom was nitrogen-15 and the second was carbon-14.)
- How many atoms are in one molecule of lactose: C12H22O11? How many atoms of each element?
- 45 atoms: 12 carbon, 22 hydrogen, and 11 oxygen
- What is the tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into an area of higher solute concentrations?
- Osmosis
- What is the word for lacking any affinity to water?
- Hydrophobic
- What is a solid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms?
- Saturated fat
- What is a liquid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms?
- Unsaturated fat
- What two of the following are molecules? C2H4O2, nitrogen-15, C8H18, Ca, S, carbon-14
- C2H4O2 and C8H18
- What two of the following are atoms? C2H4O2, nitrogen-15, C8H18, Ca, S, carbon-14
- Nitrogen-15 and carbon-14
- What two of the following are elements? C2H4O2, nitrogen-15, C8H18, Ca, S, carbon-14
- Ca and S
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What are chemical changes?
Mixing vinegar and baking soda
Boiling an egg
Boiling sugar water
Walking in the rain
Removing stains with enzymes
Adding sugar to tea -
Mixing vinegar and baking soda
Removing stains with enzymes
Boiling an egg -
What are physical changes?
Mixing vinegar and baking soda
Boiling an egg
Boiling sugar water
Walking in the rain
Removing stains with enzymes
Adding sugar to tea -
Boiling sugar water
Walking in the rain
Adding sugar to tea - Lactose is a carbohydrate. It has 12 carbon atoms and 11 oxygen atoms. How many hydrogens does it have?
- 22 hydrogens
- Lactose is a carbohydrate. It has 12 carbon atoms and 22 hydrogen atoms. How many oxygen atoms does it have?
- 11 oxygen atoms
- Lactose is a carbohydrate. It has 22 hydrogen atoms and 11 oxygen atoms. How many carbon atoms does it have?
- You cannot tell without looking it up.
- A chemist measures the pH of several solutions. The results are: Solution A: 8.1, Solution B: 1.1, Solution C: 5.5, Solution D: 13.2. Which ones are acidic? Which ones are alkaline?
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Acidic: B, C
Alkaline: A, D - Of the three basic parts of the nucleotide (deoxyribose, phosphate group, and the nucleotide base), which holds the DNA code?
- Nucleotide base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
- What will be the result of hydrolysis on a disaccharide?
- Two monosaccharides
- What will be the result of dehydration on two disaccharides?
- A polysaccharide
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Is the following fat saturated or unsaturated? Why?
OH-C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
â•‘................................................................................................
O............................. - Saturated because it has no carbon to carbon double bonds
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Is the following fat saturated or unsaturated? Why?
OH-C-CH2-HC=CH-CH2-HC=CH-CH2-HC=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3
â•‘................................................................................
O....................................................... - Unsaturated because it has carbon to carbon double bonds
- What are linked together to form a protein?
- Amino acids
- What three things determine the properties of a protein?
- The type, number, and order of amino acids
- Two solutions of different solute concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane. After awhile, the water levels of the two solutions change. Did water move from high to low concentration OR from low to high concentration?
- Low to high concentration.
- Two solutions of different solute concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane. After awhile, the water levels of the two solutions change. Which water level **increased**, that with the high concentration or low concentration?
- High concentration
- Two solutions of different solute concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane. After awhile, the water levels of the two solutions change. Which water level **decreased**, that with the high concentration or low concentration?
- Low concentration