sociology final
Terms
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- lower middle class
- high school or college and often apprenticeship, semiprofessionals and lower managers craftspeople and foremen, $60,000, 34%
- institutional discrimination
- is negative treatment that is built into social institutions
- scapegoats
- racial, ethnic or religious minority that they unfairly blame for their troubles
- race
- refers to the inherited biological characteristics
- means of production
- tools, factories, land and investment capital used to produce wealth
- class system
- lines drawn between people and there is little or no movement from one group to another
- ethnicity
- inherited cultural characteristics
- lumpenproletariat
- people living on the margin of society such as beggars, vagrants, and criminals
- authoritarian personality
- deep respect for authority and are submissive to superiors
- purpose of colonialism
- establish economic colonies, to exploit the nation's people and resources for the benefit of the "mother" country
- class consciousness
- a shared identity based on their position in the means of production
- power
- ability to carry out your will despite resistance
- structural mobility
- changes in society that cause large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder
- selective perception
- they lead us to see certain things while they blind us to others
- discrimination
- an action against other groups
- colonialism
- stresses that the countries that industrialized first got the jump on the rest of the world, these countries invaded weaker nations making colonies out of them, and left behind a controlling force in order to exploit the nation's labor and natural resources
- downward social mobility
- higher to lower rung
- contradictory class location
- more than one class at the same time
- multiculturalism/ pluralism
- permits or encourages racial and ethnic variation
- population transfer
- 2 types direct and indirect transfer
- prestige
- respect or regard
- indirect transfer
- making life so unbearable for minority that they leave voluntarily
- exchange mobility
- on balance the proportions of the social classes remain about the same, but large numbers move up and down
- income
- flow of money
- upward social mobility
- lower to higher rung
- capitalist class
- prestigous university, investors heirs and a few top executives, $1,000,000+, 1%
- ethnic work
- process of constructing an ethnic identity
- internal colonialism
- dominant group exploits minority groups for its economic advantage
- prejudice
- attitude against other groups
- Tumin's critique of Davis and Moore
- 1)how do we know positions that offer the highest rewards are the most important. 2)meritocracy. 3)social stratification is dysfunctional
- individual discrimination
- negative treatment of one person by another
- properity
- buildings, land, animals, machinery, cars, stocks, bonds, businesses
- bourgeoisie
- those who own the means of production
- assimilation
- process by which a minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture
- upper middle class
- college or university often with a postgraduate study, professionals and upper managers, $125,000+, 15%
- maquiladoras
- assembly for export plants
- power elite
- those who make the big decisions in US society
- status
- our social ranking
- genocide
- dominant group tries to destroy the minority group
- wealth
- properity - debt
- social class
- made up of three components property, prestige, and power
- social mobility
- movement up or down the class ladder
- culture of poverty
- a way of life that perpetuates poverty from one generation to the next
- meritocracy
- positions would be awarded on the basis of merit
- globalization of capitalism
- the adoption of capitalism around the world-has created extensive ties among the world's nations
- minority group
- people who are singled out for unequal treatment by members of the dominant group
- direct transfer
- dominant group expels minority
- working
- high school, factory workers clerical workers low-paid retail sails and craftspeople, $35,000, 30%
- intergenerational mobility
- when children end up on different rung than their parents
- aculturation
- mix of original culture and new culture
- status inconsistency
- mixture of high and low ranks of social ranking
- divine right of kings
- idea that the king's authority comes directly from god
- consequences of social class
- family life, education, religion, politics, physical health, mental health
- working poor
- some high school, laborers service workers low-paid people, $17,000, 16%
- neocolonialism
- the policy of selling weapons and other manfactured goods to the LEAST industrailized nations on credit turns those countries into eternal debtors, keeping these nations in debt forces them to submit to trading terms dictated by the neocolonialists
- dominant group
- the group with more power privilege and social status
- status consistency
- a person with similar rank on all three dimensions of social class; property, prestige, and power
- false class consciousness
- workers mistakenly thinking of themselves as capitatlists
- distrubution of wealth
- the wealthiest 10%own 70% of nation's wealth, the wealthiest 1% own 33% of nation's wealth
- split labor market
- capitalists pit one group of workers against another to lower the cost of labor
- Davis and Moore's explanation
- 1) society must make certain that its positions are filled. 2)some positions are more important than others. 3)the more important positions must be filled by the more qualified people. 4)to motivate the more qualified people to fill these positions society must offer them greater rewards
- proletariat
- those who work for the owners
- Mosca's argument
- 1)no society can exist unless it is organized. this requires leadership of some sort to coordinate people's actions and get society's work done. 2)leadership means inequalities of power. some people take leadership positions while others do not. 3)human nature is self centered. therefore people in power will use their positions to seize greater rewards for themselves
- underclass
- unemployed and part-time, on welfare, $10,000, 4%
- segregation
- separation of racial or ethnic groups