AP US History (final exams 1)
Terms
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- Quakers
- religious group who believed in equality and the inner spirit; exercising the spirit
- Holy Experiment
- the Quakers turn Pennsylvania into this
- Cambridge Agreement
- shareholder meetings in Massachusetts, under King Charles I
- Roger Williams
- dissenter, who believed in religious toleration and didn't agree with the idea that everybody had to go to church; he also believed in the state and church to be together, and went to Rhode Island 'Providence', to set up a colony with religious toleration
- Samson Occom
- first Native American person to ever publish documents and pamphlets in English (key Native American figure during Great Awakening)
- treaty of Tordesillas
- treaty giving Portugal a little more land in the New World (now Brazil)
- Enlightenment
- a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
- George Washington
- this man goes to a fort in Ohio and asks the French to leave, but his men fire at them and it starts the 7 Year's War
- Headright system
- name given to the system which was an incentive for the people of the colonies to pay for indentured servants to come from England, for along with the labor would come about 50 acres of land
- Stono Rebellion
- this rebellion took place in S Carolina, where slaves banded together and killed whites; goal was to make it to Florida
- John Smith
- this man takes over the colony of Jamestown, saved/held colony together; he became friends with the Powhatan tribe
- Cartier
- this French man explores the St Lawrence River (Canada)
- George Whitefield
- credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights"
- Delaware
- this city was taken over by Pennsylvania for their seaport for a while, also known as "New Sweden"
- Leif Ericson
- key viking, explored and set up colonies in Newfoundland (colonies failed, explorations ended around 11th century)
- Royal Colony
- name given to a colony which is controlled by the King, who will appoint the governor and run it (Ex. Virginia)
- Jamestown
- one of the first colonies, very successful, but problems with malaria, disinteriation, wasted time on finding gold and didn't like to work
- Vasco da Gama
- first to sail all the way around Africa, lands in India
- vikings
- travelled around Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland, perhaps N. America (985~)
- Colonial Period
- name given to a period of time from 1607 - 1776
- adventure (grew up as peasants, exciting), chance for riches (grew up poor)
- sailors enlisted for these reasons
- James Oglethorpe
- this man sets up the colony of Georgia as a haven for debtors, and bans slavery there
- Edwin Sandy
- first governor of Virginia, elected by Virginia company of London
- Maryland Toleration Act
- freedom of religion, as long as you're Christian, passed in the southern colonies
- Ponce de Leon
- this man searches for the Fountain of Youth, ultimately explores Florida (major European exploration of the New World)
- Mid-Atlantic Colonies
- started in the 1660's, by King Charles II as a part of the Restoration Colonies; very diverse
- Old Lights
- traditionalists or the leaders of Puritan beliefs during the Great Awakening
- mestizos
- 1/2 Spanish blood, 1/2 Indian blood (were dramatically lower in the social system)
- Iroquois Confederation
- they sided with the English, unlike other tribes who went with the French (key: Native tribes were able to unify with others)
- Pizzaro
- this man conquers the Incas in South America, makes it the second base for Spain
- Joint stock companies
- these were private companies developed to gather the savings from the middle class to support finance colonies. Ex. London Company and Plymouth Company
- geographic revolution
- this starts, after Columbus discovers the "New World", which changes the mindset of everybody
- challenge Spain, land, raw materials, send excess population
- reasons for England colonizing in North America
- King Ferdinand, Queen Isabella
- they accept Columbus' proposal to sail west to find Asia, reasoning that whatever he finds will belong to Spain
- Dias
- first to go past equator; makes it around the tip of Africa, "Cape of Good Hope"
- frontier
- the poor tended to live in this region, away from tidewater
- landowners
- wealthiest group of people in the southern colonies
- John Winthrop
- created the New England Way, and "City Upon a Hill"
- Peter Zenger case
- was sued for writing bad things about the NY government, but in this case was ruled not guilty (big step forward for free speech/press)
- colonial agents
- England didn't allow representation for the colonies, so instead they sent these people to argue points
- Roanoke
- failed colony (now, Virginia), known as the "Lost Colony"
- Richard Hakluyt
- writer of adventure stories to convince people to go to America
- Catholic Church
- very close to the government, sent hundreds of priests into the New World with a high success rate
- New Lights
- evangelists or the leaders of the revivalist beliefs during the Great Awakening.
- seaports
- major towns in New England were near these
- vice roys
- #3 in Spanish hierarchy, they were the King's representatives in the New World - had a fair amount of autocracy so the King didn't trust them as much
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- his goals were to sail around Africa
- Spanish Armada
- Spain vs England in a naval battle, England wins - key fact: England is rising, Spain is declining
- Treaty of Paris
- treaty signed after the French and Indian war, France lost everything, England gained everything (including New Orleans and Florida)
- Lower Southern Colonies
- rice was a major crop, included Southern North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia; big gap between rich and poor
- line of demarcation
- the line that divides Spanish land from Portuguese land in the New World, drawn by the Pope, giving Spain everything and Portugal nearly nothing
- Spain, France, England
- these three countries compete for global power
- War of Jenkin's Ear
- British captain had this body part cut off by spanish; created war in caribbean and GA
- assembly
- all colonies were allowed to have this, and the governor usually owed his money to it
- Albany Plan of Union
- A proposal for increased unity and cooperation among the colonies, led by Ben Franklin, but was never passed
- Education Act
- a law stating that everyone (children) must get education to some degree, in order to be able to read bibles and hymns (part of the Puritan work ethic)
- Quakers
- these people opposed slavery, and up until the Civil War, they helped slaves
- Philadelphia
- this city was a master plan, grid; religious toleration and was very diverse
- penninsulares
- pure blood Spanish people born in Spain
- Battle for Quebec
- this battle, Wolfe vs Montealm, was the last battle which ended the French and Indian War
- livestock, sugar, fruits, spices and disease
- these things were sent by Europe, Africa, Asia to the New World during the Columbian Exchange
- House of Burgesses
- an assembly in Virginia, allowing people to vote for governor, brought them closer to democracy
- Manifest Destiny
- notion that America's goal is to spread coast to coast - it is a duty from God
- Cortez
- this man and the conquistadors of Spain conquered the Aztecs, and makes Mexico a base for Spain
- Cornado
- this man searches for the 7 cities of gold, first to see the Grand Canyon, explores Kansas and Arizona
- William Pitt
- this prime minister of England will do/spend anything in order to win the 7 Year's War
- King
- in Spain, this man was at the top of the hierarchy
- Braddock
- this man led an English force during the 7 Year's War, but was wiped out
- disease
- this weakened the Native Americans, and was ultimately the reason why they had to give in to the Spanish for many things, such as being converted to Catholicism
- Judge Sewall
- this judge wrote 'The Selling of Joseph', a pamphlet opposing slavery
- Puritans
- sought religious freedom from the Church of England (Anglicans) and formed the New England Colonies, and the Massachusetts Bay Company
- church
- this was the center of the community in the New England colonies
- Puritan work ethic
- individual enterprise, the self made man, that success is the sign of salvation
- tidewater
- region of the upper south where the rich lived
- Pueblo Revolt
- revolt in New Mexico led by Pope, Native Americans vs Spanish, in 1680 (took 12 years to subdue), fought over religious tolerance (Natives get what they wanted)
- Upper Southern Colonies
- tobacco was key, these colonies included Maryland, Virginia, Northern North Carolina; also known as the "Chesapeake" colonies
- expansion
- colonies Jamestown and Virginia did this, taking the Natives' land
- John Cabot
- this man from England, explores the east coast of North America
- 2
- number of representatives from each town in the Puritan community, who will determine the town's vote (had to be a white landowner)
- Salem Witch Trials
- the first rebellion where women had control; poor accusing rich, women/girls accusing others
- indentured servants
- these people were not used as much, because of better economic conditions in England, and the colonies started relying on slavery
- Middle Colonies
- Penn, NY, these colonies had the biggest variety of people, and also known as the "breadbasket of colonies"
- Queen Elizabeth
- this queen did not like Spain taking over North America (felt Spain becoming a bigger global power than England)
- Lower South
- this region included mostly Anglicans, their constitution gave power to aristocracy and was conservative, rice plantations all along the coast which needed slavery
- Ben Franklin
- "Join or Die"
- Jonathan Edwards
- "sinners in the hands of an angry God"
- Verrazano
- this French man is known for exploring the east coast of North America
- Anne Hutchinson
- believed that the inner spirit is different from the surface, John Winthrop labeled her as an Antinomian, and was banished
- creoles
- pure blood Spanish born in the New World
- City Upon a Hill
- written by John Winthrop, it is about New England being the top of the world, looking down on everybody and everybody looking up at them
- Councel of Indies
- #2 in Spanish hierarchy, they were the King's advisers for the New World
- Champlain
- this French man sets up a colony in Quebec (major)
- South
- region which followed the Headright system, and large tobacco plantations
- Middle Passage
- the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade
- New England Confederation
- 1643, the colonies banded together to fight the Natives (key: unification)
- Magellan
- first man to circumnavigate the world, died in the Phillipines
- Virginia company of London
- a private company in the New World, authorized by the King to colonize, didn't fail
- John Rolfe
- started tobacco, cash crop
- La Salle
- this French man explored from St Lawrence to the Mississippi
- Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
- 1492, these three ships were sailed by Columbus across the sea
- Pequot War
- 1637, Pequot Tribe vs colonists; colonists win and wiped the tribe out
- Christopher Columbus
- this man lands in the Bahama Islands, and thinks he is in the Indies
- Chesapeake colonies
- Northern South colonies, carved out of Virginia, was planned to be a haven for Catholics but Protestants dominated
- New England
- this region was the most educated (early 1700s)
- Virginia company of Plymouth
- a private company in the new World, authorized by the King to colonize, did fail
- Onate
- this man sets up a colony in New Mexico
- town meetings
- gatherings of local citizens to discuss and vote on important issues (key to democracy)
- Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
- in a way, the first written constitution, establishing Connecticut as a self-rule entity, and described the government, settings its structure and power
- Balboa
- first to cross the Pacific ocean, goes to Panama
- New England Way
- model of a Christian charity, model of how New England is going to be governed
- merchants
- wealthiest group of people in the upper colonies
- Jamestown
- Powhatan Indians attack this colony, King James angry that the comany allowed this to happen
- The Selling of Joseph
- this pamphlet was written by Judge Sewall, which connected the Bible with colonial slavery
- bureaucratic
- type of government in Spain (1500s), with lots of rules and regulations, "red tape" and is very hierarchical
- Press Gangs
- a detachment empowered to force civilians to serve in the army or navy
- halfway covenant
- notion that as long as you had a connection with a Puritan, you could become baptized; needed more conversions because Puritans were becoming diluted
- King Phillip's War
- 1675, Metacom, known as King Phillip, started a war with the colonists; killed, but creates a bigger distrust between the Natives and the colonists
- Great Awakening
- religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established
- economienda
- a big plot of land given to Spanish explorers, usually including Indian labor
- Proprietary Colony
- name given to colonies which the owner (proprietor) appointed the governor
- Glorious Revolution
- this revolution was in New England, where the people rebelled against the Royal Governor Andros, who flees
- Portugal
- first European country to explore
- Power of the Purse
- colonists could withhold the governor's salary using this idea, unless he yielded to their wishes
- nuts, vegetables, fruit
- some goods sent by the New World to Europe, Africa, Asia during the Columbian Exchange
- spice trade route
- importance of finding a route around Africa, and into India
- Columbian Exchange
- diffusion of goods and culture between the New World and Europe
- Georgia
- set up by James Oglethorpe, was the last colony to be found
- Leisler's Rebellion
- after the Glorious Revolution, Leisler takes over the government for a while, but was a bad person and his people rebel and kill him
- De Soto
- this man discovers the Mississippi River
- true
- everybody was close to each other in a Puritan community
- Bacon's Rebellion
- a rebellion in which frontiersmen vs elite, when Gov. Berkley refused to offer protection to the frontiersmen; led by Nathaniel Bacon
- indentured servants
- servants whose trip to America was paid for, but in return had to work for them for a number of years before being released
- rise of slavery
- this happened, because they were cheaper, could handle hard labor and you didn't have to free them
- French and Indian War
- a war fought between France and England, and allied Indians, from 1754 to 1763; resulted in France's expulsion from New World, also known as the 7 Year's War
- Ben Franklin
- key figure in the Enlightenment, who created the American Philosophical Society
- South
- this part of America had the most Anglican population, there were more plantations than cities, plantation owners dominated politics and society
- Stono Rebellion
- the results of this rebellion caused harsher treatment of slaves, and ultimately scared white southerners, who passed slave codes so it would be harder for them to band together
- gold, spices, trade, converting heathens, glory
- Europeans explored for these reasons