ap euro economic renewal/religious wars
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- Hernan Cortes
- 1519; conquered the Aztec empire
- William of Orange
- leader of Netherlands against Spain
- mulattoes
- offspring of Europeans and Africans
- Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- August 24 1572; headed by the Guise family, Calvinists were slaughtered
- bourgeois
- middle class; broad
- Bartolome de Las Casas
- published arguments against the encomienda system
- mercantilism
- belief that total volume of trade was unchangeable, economic activity was essentially a peaceful war, prosperity of a nation depended on bullion, and it was desirable to achieve a favorable balance of trade in order to gain wealth and power for a country
- mestizos
- offspring of Europeans and Native Americans
- Jacques Cartier
- 1534; discovered Saint Lawrence River
- joint stock company
- individuals bought shares in a company and received dividends on their investment while a board of directors ran the company and made important business decisions
- guild
- underwent a breakdown; formerly regulated various trades within cities
- Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque
- Portuguese; main force behind Portugal's trading success; set up facilities at Goa, Malacca
- Henry Hudson
- Dutch explorer who explored NE America
- Niccolo, Maffeo and Marco Polo
- from Venice; most famous medieval travelers to the East
- Catholic League
- formed by ultra-Catholics in 1576 with the goal of exterminating heresy and putting a true Catholic champion (Henry, duke of Guise) on the French throne
- Middle Passage
- journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas
- slave trade
- begins with Portugal; caused by a decrease in Native American labor force and an increase in the need for plantation labor
- Jamestown
- first permanent English settlement in America; 1607; modern Virginia
- Poor Law of 1601
- created by Elizabeth I; stopped civil disturbance, "helped" the poor, instituted work/poor houses
- Francisco Pizarro
- 1530; conquered the Incas with only 180 men
- astrolabe
- allowed sailors to find their latitude
- Puritans
- Protestants inspired by Calvinism who wanted to remove any trace of Catholicism from the Church of England
- yeoman
- wealthier, solid farmer
- Union of Utrecht
- 1579; northern provinces of the Netherlands formed a Protestant union
- Act of Supremacy
- 1559; put Elizabeth I in charge of religious matters
- Junker
- land owning class in Prussia; aristocratic
- Act of Uniformity
- restored the church service of the Book of Common Prayer with some changes to make it more acceptable to Catholics
- medieval maps
- highly schematic and symbolic, of lesser practical use
- encomienda
- labor system set down by Queen Isabella of Spain in which the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work for them in slave-like conditions
- King Affonso of Congo
- wrote to the king of Portugal in 1526 against the slave trade
- Spanish Empire
- South America/Central America; specifically Mexico and Peru
- Vasco Nunez de Balboa
- Spanish; first to reach Pacific Ocean (over land)
- triangular trade
- connected Europe, Africa and the Americas; European goods (guns, gin, cloth) to Africa, African slaves to Americas, American goods (tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, raw cotton) to Europe
- Council of Troubles/Council of Blood
- inaugurated a reign of terror in which even aristocrats were executed
- Fugger
- main banking family is Augsburg, Germany; went bankrupt due to problems with loans to the French monarchy
- European goods
- horses, cattle, wheat
- Treaty of Utrecht
- 1713, French began to cede American possessions to the English
- price revolution
- European phenomenon that included inflation and a growth of capitalism
- conquistadores
- Spaniards such as Cortes and Pizarro; motto was "God, Gold, and Glory"
- Edict of Nantes
- 1598; acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave Huguenots the right to worship in selected places, retain fortified towns, and enjoy political privileges such as holding public office
- Battle of Plassey
- 1757; small British force of 3,000 defeated Mughal army more than ten times its size
- Society of Friends/Quakers
- first to denounce slavery
- Jamaica
- one of Britain's most important sugar producing colonies
- favorable balance of trade
- important to mercantilism; must export more than one imports
- compass
- allowed sailors to find north and their direction
- asiento
- British privilege of transporting 4500 slaves a year into Spanish Latin America
- Samuel de Champlain
- established Quebec in 1608
- Jesuits
- most effective and active missionaries
- Tenochtitlan
- Aztec capital
- Medici
- main banking family in Florence
- duke of Parma
- sent by Spain to the Netherlands; main force in Union of Arras
- American agricultural products
- potatoes, chocolate, corn, tomatoes, tobacco
- Ferdinand Magellan
- 1519; first to circumnavigate the globe
- Columbian Exchange
- reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas
- Mercator projection
- most famous portrayal of the world by Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator
- Magellan
- first to circumnavigate the globe; sailed for Spain
- politiques
- public figures who placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth civil war
- 1663
- Canada made French property
- Amerigo Vespucci
- determined that a new continent had been discovered
- Pacification of Ghent
- 1576; all provinces in the Netherlands would stand together under William of Orange's leadership, respect religious differences, and demand the removal of Spanish troops
- Christopher Columbus
- 1492; sailed to America under Queen Isabella of Spain, made three expeditions, one of the first to America
- smallpox, measles, typhoid
- European diseases that devastated Native American populations
- Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
- 1651-1695; one of seventeeth century Latin America's best-known literary figures; wrote poetry and prose, urged women to be educated
- Black Legend
- propaganda mainly headed by England against Spain; characterized Spain as unusually cruel and exploiting the natives
- New Netherlands
- main Dutch colony in the Americas
- Frances Xavier
- early Jesuit missionary in India/China/Japan (16th century)
- Mary, Queen of Scots
- executed in 1587 after numerous attempts to overthrow Elizabeth I
- Seven Years War
- 1756-1763; British forced French to withdraw completely from India
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- 1494; Pope split newly discovered land between Spain (west) and Portugal (east)
- Union of Arras
- 1579; southern provinces of the Netherlands formed a Catholic union
- hidalgo
- Spanish nobleman with a reputation for pride
- robot
- serfdom system in eastern Europe
- War of the Three Henries
- 1588-1589; dynastic war between Henry, duke of Guise, King Henry III, and Henry of Navarre; Henry of Navarre was the victor
- Bartholomeu Dias
- 1488; rounded Cape of Good Hope
- Guise family
- main ultra-Catholic family, they had the loyalty of Paris and northern and northwestern France, support from the papacy and support from the Jesuits; main force in French Wars of Religion
- de Gama
- first to said around southern tip of Africa; sailed for Portugal
- John Cabot
- Venetian sailing under England, explored New England coastline
- Vasco da Gama
- 1588; rounded Cape of Good Hope, arrived at India
- Sir WIlliam Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham
- Elizabeth I's main advisors
- ultra Catholics
- extreme Catholic party
- Lord Macartney
- sent in 1793 to press for the liberalization of trade restrictions in China
- New York
- New Netherland's name after British took over
- King Philip II
- 1556-1598; successor of Charles V, took a militant approach, tried to make Spain a major power, sent the Armada against Elizabeth I
- Francis Drake
- explorer as well as plunderer of Spanish ships for Elizabeth I
- British Board of Trade, Royal Council, Parliament
- supposed governing forces of the English colonies in America
- portolani
- charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries that were more useful to sailors
- Ptolemy
- astronomer in 2 AD; wrote The Geography
- Saint Domingue
- Haiti; French colony
- Huguenots
- French Calvinists
- Henry the Navigator
- Prince who started school on the coast of Portugal
- America
- the New World, named after Amerigo Vespucci
- usury
- having interest on loans; movement away from medieval economic systems and banking