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mun world history semester 1 final

Terms

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left wing
completely opposed french monarchy
catholic church censorship
more nationalization of the church
congress of vienna
met to deal with france and future issues; set european foreign policy
king louis xviii
took over after napoleons first downfall; unpopularity led to his own
rene descartes
believer in cartesian dualism; french mathematician
battle of waterloo
duke of wellington causes napoleons last defeat
estates-general
representative government body in france; included all three estates
neoclassical
simple yet elegant style that borrowed classical themes
isaac newton
discovered gravity
nicolas copernicus
creator of heliocentric theory
creoles
descendants of french, spanish and portuguese settlers in latin america
napoleon bonaparte
a genius military leader, he was first consul and later emperor of france
galileo galilei
proved copernican theory through use of telescope and observation of the moon
fourth coalition
alliance that defeated napoleon
elba
place of napoleons first exile
galen
ancient roman responsible for the creation of medicinal practices used until the scientific revolution
jean paul marat
editor of "the friend of the people;" called for blood, was murdered in his bath
coup d'etat
used by napoleon to overthrow the government and gain power
catherine the great
enlightened despot; ruled russia
klemens von metternich
introduced idea of balance of power
emigres
those who fled from france and became zealous counter-revolutionaries
plebiscite
vote of the people; like a poll
francis bacon
father of inductive reasoning
robert boyle
father of modern chemistry
frederick II
enlightened despot; religious freedom, improved education and justice system; attempted but failed to end serfdom
hundred days
napoleons final return
voltaire
leading french philosophe
st helena
place of napoleons second/last exile and death
legislative assembly
passed laws, completely bypassing the monarchy
maximilien robespierre
the leader of the revolution, his radicalism in killing "enemies of the revolution" resulted in his demise
classical
musical style that was elegant and original; development of the sonata and symphony; haydn, mozart, beethoven
cesare bonesana beccaria
supported abolishment of torture
anton van leeuwenhoek
invented the microscope; first to study microorganisms
first estate
clergy
baroque
grand, gaudy style before the 1700s
battle of trafalgar
naval battle that napoleon lost
third estate
middle class/everyone else
reign of terror
mass killings of "enemies of the revolution"
concordat
between napoleon and the catholic church, it gave back some of the control of the church to the church while retaining their lands
louis xvi
bourbon ruler during french revolution; grandson of the sun king
continental system
napoleons tactics to hurt britains economy through barring trade; backfired
zacharias janssen
invented first COMPOUND microscope (not light)
thomas hobbes
believed that humans were essentially bad, supported absolutism
aristotle
ancient philosopher who believed the earth was made of 4 elements while the rest of the universe was made of perfect crystals
second estate
nobility
johannes kepler
theorized that planets moved in elliptical orbits
mary wollstonecraft
leading english feminist; vindication of the rights of women
national convention
second revolutionary government
sans-culottes
the most radical revolutionaries
peninsular war
war between napoleon and spain/portugal as a result of uprisings in reaction to napoleon making his brother the king of spain
andres celcius
creator of the celcius measurement of temperature
great fear
attacks on the french nobility in the countryside by peasants
marie antoinette
austrian archduchess who became queen of france; executed in revolution
olympe de gouges
main french feminist who was upset over the lack of womens rights in the new france
tycho brahe
responsible for gathering research on the subject of astronomy; important to proving the copernican theory
bastille
fortress/prison in france
guerrillas
those who partake in unconventional warfare tactics
henry fielding
english novelist and dramatist
lycees
public schools set up by napoleon
guillotine
"the national razor"
enlightenment ideas
REASON and EQUALITY
abbe sieyes
clergyman who supported/aided the break of the third estate from the estates general
blockade
essential part of the continental system in which trade was barred
tennis court oath
pledge by the national assembly to not disband until the creation of a written constitution
samuel richardson
novelist who had a rivalry with fielding
national assembly
first revolutionary government; created by third estate
john locke
believed that humans were essentially good, supported democracy
jean jacques rousseau
favored human freedom; equality
right wing
disliked french monarchy but didnt want to end it completely
montesquieu
supported separation of powers
scientific method (process)
using reason and observation to develop a hypothesis into a theory
scorched-earth policy
used in russia to stop napoleon; villages were burned so napoleons men could not loot them for supplies
admiral nelson
victor of battle of trafalgar
bourgeoisie
wealthy french middle class
edward jenner
made first vaccine

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