mun world history semester 1 final
Terms
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- left wing
- completely opposed french monarchy
- catholic church censorship
- more nationalization of the church
- congress of vienna
- met to deal with france and future issues; set european foreign policy
- king louis xviii
- took over after napoleons first downfall; unpopularity led to his own
- rene descartes
- believer in cartesian dualism; french mathematician
- battle of waterloo
- duke of wellington causes napoleons last defeat
- estates-general
- representative government body in france; included all three estates
- neoclassical
- simple yet elegant style that borrowed classical themes
- isaac newton
- discovered gravity
- nicolas copernicus
- creator of heliocentric theory
- creoles
- descendants of french, spanish and portuguese settlers in latin america
- napoleon bonaparte
- a genius military leader, he was first consul and later emperor of france
- galileo galilei
- proved copernican theory through use of telescope and observation of the moon
- fourth coalition
- alliance that defeated napoleon
- elba
- place of napoleons first exile
- galen
- ancient roman responsible for the creation of medicinal practices used until the scientific revolution
- jean paul marat
- editor of "the friend of the people;" called for blood, was murdered in his bath
- coup d'etat
- used by napoleon to overthrow the government and gain power
- catherine the great
- enlightened despot; ruled russia
- klemens von metternich
- introduced idea of balance of power
- emigres
- those who fled from france and became zealous counter-revolutionaries
- plebiscite
- vote of the people; like a poll
- francis bacon
- father of inductive reasoning
- robert boyle
- father of modern chemistry
- frederick II
- enlightened despot; religious freedom, improved education and justice system; attempted but failed to end serfdom
- hundred days
- napoleons final return
- voltaire
- leading french philosophe
- st helena
- place of napoleons second/last exile and death
- legislative assembly
- passed laws, completely bypassing the monarchy
- maximilien robespierre
- the leader of the revolution, his radicalism in killing "enemies of the revolution" resulted in his demise
- classical
- musical style that was elegant and original; development of the sonata and symphony; haydn, mozart, beethoven
- cesare bonesana beccaria
- supported abolishment of torture
- anton van leeuwenhoek
- invented the microscope; first to study microorganisms
- first estate
- clergy
- baroque
- grand, gaudy style before the 1700s
- battle of trafalgar
- naval battle that napoleon lost
- third estate
- middle class/everyone else
- reign of terror
- mass killings of "enemies of the revolution"
- concordat
- between napoleon and the catholic church, it gave back some of the control of the church to the church while retaining their lands
- louis xvi
- bourbon ruler during french revolution; grandson of the sun king
- continental system
- napoleons tactics to hurt britains economy through barring trade; backfired
- zacharias janssen
- invented first COMPOUND microscope (not light)
- thomas hobbes
- believed that humans were essentially bad, supported absolutism
- aristotle
- ancient philosopher who believed the earth was made of 4 elements while the rest of the universe was made of perfect crystals
- second estate
- nobility
- johannes kepler
- theorized that planets moved in elliptical orbits
- mary wollstonecraft
- leading english feminist; vindication of the rights of women
- national convention
- second revolutionary government
- sans-culottes
- the most radical revolutionaries
- peninsular war
- war between napoleon and spain/portugal as a result of uprisings in reaction to napoleon making his brother the king of spain
- andres celcius
- creator of the celcius measurement of temperature
- great fear
- attacks on the french nobility in the countryside by peasants
- marie antoinette
- austrian archduchess who became queen of france; executed in revolution
- olympe de gouges
- main french feminist who was upset over the lack of womens rights in the new france
- tycho brahe
- responsible for gathering research on the subject of astronomy; important to proving the copernican theory
- bastille
- fortress/prison in france
- guerrillas
- those who partake in unconventional warfare tactics
- henry fielding
- english novelist and dramatist
- lycees
- public schools set up by napoleon
- guillotine
- "the national razor"
- enlightenment ideas
- REASON and EQUALITY
- abbe sieyes
- clergyman who supported/aided the break of the third estate from the estates general
- blockade
- essential part of the continental system in which trade was barred
- tennis court oath
- pledge by the national assembly to not disband until the creation of a written constitution
- samuel richardson
- novelist who had a rivalry with fielding
- national assembly
- first revolutionary government; created by third estate
- john locke
- believed that humans were essentially good, supported democracy
- jean jacques rousseau
- favored human freedom; equality
- right wing
- disliked french monarchy but didnt want to end it completely
- montesquieu
- supported separation of powers
- scientific method (process)
- using reason and observation to develop a hypothesis into a theory
- scorched-earth policy
- used in russia to stop napoleon; villages were burned so napoleons men could not loot them for supplies
- admiral nelson
- victor of battle of trafalgar
- bourgeoisie
- wealthy french middle class
- edward jenner
- made first vaccine