Dubin EKG Cards
Terms
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- What are automaticity foci?
- Focal areas of the heart that have electrical automaticity.
- Where is the SA Node located?
- In the upper-posterior wall of the RA.
- What is the sinus node?
- Another term for the SA Node.
- What is the P wave on an EKG?
- Depolarization and contraction of both atria.
- Purpose of the AV valves?
- Prevent backflow of blood and electrical insulation.
- What happens to electrical conduction in the AV Node?
- Depolarization slows down to allow blood flow into ventricles.
- How does the AV Node conduct depolarization?
- Ca++ ions.
- What is the ventricular conduction system?
- His Bundle and the Left and Right Bundle Branches.
- What type of fibers make up the ventricular conduction system?
- Purkinje fibers.
- What is the QRS complex on the EKG?
- It represents the depolarization of the ventricular myocardium and the initiation of contraction.
- What ions are used in the depolarization of the Purkinje fibers?
- Na+ ions.
- Which wave is often absent on the EKG?
- Q wave.
- What is the ST segment?
- Horizontal segment of baseline following the QRS complex.
- What happens during the ST segment?
- Initial phase of ventricular repolarization.
- What is the T wave and what is happening?
- The hump after the ST segment during which rapid ventricular repolarization occurs.
- What ions are responsible for repolarization?
- K+ ions.
- When does systole occur on the EKG?
- Begins with the QRS and persists until the end of the T wave.
- Does systole span both depolarization AND repolarization of the ventricles?
- Yes.
- What does the vertical amplitude measure on the EKG?
- Voltage.
- What is the length and width of the small boxes on the EKG graph paper?
- 1mm.
- How many mm represent 1mV on the graph?
- 10mm.
- How are positive (upward) deflections produced?
- Positive charge flowing toward a positive electrode.
- What is the time represented in the distance between two heavy black lines (5mm)?
- 0.2 seconds.
- Each tiny square represents how much time?
- 0.04 seconds.
- How many leads are there on an EKG?
- 12 leads = 6 limb leads + 6 chest leads.
- How many electrodes represent each lead?
- One pair.
- What are the names of the limb leads?
- Lead I, II, III and AVR, AVL, AVF.
- Which are the bipolar leads?
- Leads I, II, III.
- Which are considered unipolar, or positive leads?
- AVR, AVL, AVF.
- Which are the "lateral" leads?
- AVL and Lead I on the left arm.
- Which are the "inferior" leads?
- Leads II, III, and AVF.
- What are the chest leads?
- 6 positive electrodes positioned across the chest, centered on the AV Node.
- What is the horizontal plane?
- The plane formed by the positioning of the chest leads.
- On what side of the heart are V1 and V2 positioned?
- The right side.
- On what side of the heart are V5 and V6 positioned?
- The left side.
- Where are V3 and V4 located relative to the heart?
- Over the interventricular septum.
- In what plane are the limb leads positioned?
- Frontal plane.
- What are trunk electrodes?
- Alternative positioning of electrodes in various medical situations.