Imaging Lab Midterm
Terms
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copy deck
- A thoracic radiograph is taken at peak inspiration or expiration. Why?
- Inspiration - to allow complete radiographic visualization of the lung tissue.
- Why are two radiographic views taken of one location?
- Xrays are two dimensional images of a three dimensional structure. Taking another image from a different angle could show something that was missed on the previous image.
- List two types of tissues sensitive to radiation.
- Bone tissue, lymphatic tissue, gonadal tissue.
- What does MPD stand for? Define it.
- Maximum Permissible Dose - the max dose of radiation that a person may receive in a given period.
- What anatomical position is contraindicated in patients that have difficulty breathing?
- Ventrodorsal view
- List three radiation safety rules
- wear protective apparel, stay out of primary bean, wear dosimeter, stand upright at end of table when restraining
- What is the main advantage for the tech in taking a VD view of thorax v. DV view.
- Theoretically easier to control the patient in the VD position.
- Abdominal radiograph - taken at peak inspiration or expiration?
- expiration
- What does ALARA stand for?
- As Low As Reasonably Achievable
- When an animal is in right lateral recumbency, through what side does beam enter and exit?
- enters left, exits right
- For a VD view of the cervical spine, the head is extended (cranially/caudally), and the forelimbs are pulled (cranially/caudally).
- head cranially, forelimbs caudally
- True or false: It is contraindicated to manually extend a patient's front and rear limbs for a spinal view if the patient has a spinal column injury.
- true
- When taking a radiograph of the humerus, what two other anatomical parts must be included in the view?
- Shoulder and elbow
- What are the two methods for radiographing a lateral view of the scapula?
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1. With the scapula placed dorsal to the vertebral column
2. With the scapula superimposed over the lung field - When taking lateral views, the affected limb is placed up or down?
- Affected limb is placed down, closest to the cassette
- Besides lateral, what other view is used for the scapula? Generally describe the positioning.
- Caudocranial view. The animal is placed dorsally and the forelimbs are extended cranially.
- Scapula lateral view - beam center and measurement point
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Beam - middle of scapula
Measure - thickest area of scapula - Scapula craniocaudal view - beam and measurement
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Beam - middle of scapula
Measurement - scapulohumeral joint (thickest spot) - Shoulder lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ affected limb down, closest to cassette. Affected leg extended cranial and ventral to the sternum. Opposite limb pulled caudodorsal and neck extended dorsally.
- Shoulder lateral view - beam and measurement.
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Beam - over shoulder joint
Measurement - thickest area over shoulder joint - Shoulder craniocaudal view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency w/ both limbs extended cranially. Want humerus almost parallel to the cassette. Many want to expose both shoulders simultaneously for comparison.
- Shoulder craniocaudal view - beam & measurement.
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Beam - over shoulder joint
Measurement - over shoulder joint (armpit) - Humerus lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ the affected limb down. Affected limb pulled cranioventral direction and opposite limb pulled in a caudal dorsal position.
- Humerus lateral view - beam & measurement.
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Beam - center of humerus
Measurement - thickest area over shoulder joint - Humerus caudocranial view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency w/ the forelimbs extended cranially. Area of interest as parallel to the cassette as possible to avoid distortion. Also include the shoulder & elbow
- Humerus caudocranial view - beam & measurement
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Beam - middle of humerus
Measurement - thickest area over the shoulder region - Humerus craniocaudal view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency w/ affected limb pulled caudally until humerus is parallel to the cassette. Move limb slightly away from thorax.
- Humerus craniocaudal view - beam & measurement
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Beam - middle of humerus
Measurement - Thickest area over shoulder region - Elbow craniocaudal view - positioning
- Sternal recumbency, affected limb extended cranially, head elevated and positioned away from the affected limb.
- Elbow craniocaudal view - beam & measurement
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Beam - over elbow joint
Measurement - Distal humerus (thickest area) - Elbow lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ affected limb down. Head & neck extended in a slight dorsal direction and unaffected limb pulled in a caudodorsal direction
- Elbow lateral view - beam & measurement
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Beam - over elbow joint
Measurement - Distal humerus - Elbow flexed lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ affected limb down. Carpus pulled toward the neck region flexing the elbow.
- Elbow flexed lateral view beam & measurement
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Beam - middle of elbow
Measurement - distal humerus - Radius & ulna lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ affected limb down and centered on the cassette.
- Radius & ulna lateral view - beam & measurement
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Beam - Middle of radius & ulna
Measurement - over elbow - Radius & ulna craniocaudal view - positioning
- Sternal recumbency, affected limb pulled cranially, w/ radius and ulna pulled centered on the cassette. Head elevated & pulled to the side.
- Radius & ulna craniocaudal view - beam & measurement.
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Beam - middle of radius & ulna
Measurement - over distal humerus - Carpus lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ affected limb down & centered on the cassette. Opposite limb pulled caudally out of the view.
- Carpus dorsopalmar view - positioning. Stressed view?
- Affected limb extended cranially. Head elevated and turned away. Stressed view - digits pressed down/spread out by paddle or ruler.
- Carpus dorsopalmar view - beam & measurement
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Beam - middle distal row of carpal bones
Measurement - middle distal row of carpal bones - Metacarpus-phalanges dorsopalmar view - positioning
- Sternal recumbency w/ affected limb extended. Tape can be used to flatten the digits. View should include carpal joint & tips of digits.
- Metacarpus-phalanges dorsopalmar view - beam & measurement
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Beam - middle of metacarpal bones
Measurement - middle of metacarpal bones - Metacarpal-phalanges lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ affected limb down. Can isolate a digit & hold in place w/ tape. View should include carpal joint and tips of digits
- Two general positioning guidelines for spinal views
- Spine should be as parallel to the cassette as possible & the spinal spaces should be perpendicular to the cassette.
- Cervical spine ventrodorsal view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency, head extended cranially, front limbs pulled caudally alongside the body.
- Cervical spine ventrodorsal view - included in view
- Base of skull, all cervical vertebrae (7 of them), & the first few thoracic vertebrae.
- Cervical spine VD view - beam & measurement
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Beam - Over C4-5 space
Measurement - Over C5-6 space - Cervical spine extended lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency, head & neck extended cranially (apply gentle traction), front limbs pulled caudally.
- Cervical spine extended lateral view - beam & measurement
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Beam - C4-5 space
Measurement - thoracic inlet (C7) - Cervical spine flexed lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency, front limbs pulled caudally, gauze tied around mandible and head is pulled caudally toward the humeri. DO NOT HYPERFLEX THE NECK!
- How many cervical vertebrae do cats & dogs have?
- seven
- How many thoracic vertebrae do cats & dogs have?
- 13 - same as the number of ribs
- How many lumbar vertebrae do cats & dogs have?
- seven
- How may sacral vertebrae do cats & dogs have?
- three
- Cervical spine flexed lateral view - beam & measurement
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Beam - C3-4 space
Measurement - thoracic inlet (C7) - Cervical spine hyperextended lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency, front limbs pulled caudally, head & neck extended in a dorsal direction until resistance is met.
- Cervical spine hyperextended lateral view - beam & measurement
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Beam - C3-4 space
Measurement - thoracic inlet - Thoracic spine VD view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency, front limbs pulled cranially, rear limbs in natural position.
- Where is the sternum positioned in a VD view of the thoracic spine?
- Superimposed over the thoracic spine
- What should thoracic spine views include?
- All of the thoracic vertebrae from C7 to L1
- Thoracic spine VD view - beam & measurement
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Beam - Over level of caudal view of scapula (T6)
Measurement - At highest point of the sternum - Thoracic spine lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ front & rear limbs moderately extended in opposite directions away from the body. Elevate sternum w/ sponge to prevent rotation
- Thoracic spine lateral view beam & measurement
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Beam - over T7 body
Measurement - at 7th rib - Thoracolumbar spine VD view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency, front limbs extended cranially, hind legs in natural position. Sternum over vertebrae.
- Thoracolumbar spine VD view - beam & measurement
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Beam - over thoracolumbar junction
Measurement - thoracolumbar junction - Thoracolumbar spine lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ front & real limbs pulled in opposite directions away from body. Elevate sternum to prevent rotation.
- Thoracolumbar spine lateral view - beam & measurement
- both over thoracolumbar junction
- Lumbar spine VD view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency, front legs pulled cranially, rear legs in natural position. may need trough under thoracic region
- What should lumbar spine views include?
- Entire lumbar spine from 13th thoracic vertebrae to the first sacral vertebrae
- Lumbar spine VD view - beam & measurement
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Beam - over L4 body
Measurement - At level of L1 body - Lumbar spine lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ front & rear limbs in moderate extension. Elevate sternum to prevent rotation.
- Lumbar spine lateral view - beam & measurement
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Beam - Over L4 body
Measurement - level of L1 body - Sacrum VD view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency w/ rear limbs in natural position
- Xray tube positioning for sacrum radiograph
- 30° angle toward the head and centered over the sacrum
- What should sacrum view include?
- L6 body to iliac crest
- Sacrum view - beam & measurement
- both at level of sacrum
- Caudal spine VD view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency w/ rear limbs in a natural position. Tail is extended in a caudal direction and centered on the cassette. May need to tape down a curly tail
- Caudal spine lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency w/ tail extended caudally. May need to raise cassette on a foam block in order to keep tail parallel to tabletop.
- Pharynx lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency, forelimbs pulled caudally. Head & neck extended cranially and placed in a true lateral position.
- What should be included in a lateral view of the pharynx?
- Lateral canthus of the eye through C3 body.
- Pharynx lateral view - beam & measurement
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Beam - over pharynx
Measurement - at level of base of skull - Thorax DV view - positioning
- Sternal recumbency w/ thoracic vertebrae over the sternum. Front limbs pulled slightly forward to prevent elbows from tucking under thorax. Head lowered between forelimbs.
- Why is the DV view of the thorax preferred for the evaluation of the heart?
- Heart in near normal suspension in this position.
- What is "the rule" when it comes to radiographing the thorax?
- The thorax is inside the rib cage so if you include all of the ribs, you will get the entire thorax.
- Thorax DV view - beam & measurement
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Beam - caudal border of scapula
Measurement - caudal border of scapula - What view is preferred when a full view of lungs is necessary?
- VD view - provides more complete view
- What position is contraindicated for Patients in respiratory distress?
- VD view
- Thorax VD view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency, forelimbs pulled cranially, rear limbs natural, sternum over thoracic spine.
- Thorax VD view - beam & measurement
- both at caudal border of scapula
- Thorax lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency, front limbs pulled cranially, rear limbs pulled slightly caudal, head extended slightly and sternum elevated to be even w/ spine.
- Thorax lateral view - beam & measurement
- both at caudal border of scapula
- Abdomen VD view - positioning
- Dorsal recumbency, front limbs kept out of the view, rear limbs natural
- What should be included in an abdomen view?
- Entire abdomen from diaphragm to femoral head
- Abdomen VD view - beam & measurement
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Beam - caudal aspect of 13th rib (cats 2-3 fingers caudal to 13th rib)
Measurement - caudal aspect of 13th rib - Abdomen lateral view - positioning
- Lateral recumbency, hind limbs pulled caudally
- Abdomen lateral view - beam & measurement
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Beam - 13th rib (cats, 2-3 fingers caudally)
Measurement - 13th rib - View of radius & ulna should include what?
- Elbow and carpal joint
- Metacarpal-phalanges view should also include what?
- Carpal joint and tips of digits