The Geologic Cycle
Chapter 11. page 331
Terms
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- geologic cycle
- is a model of the internal and external interactions that shape the crust.
- Earth's crust
- is in an ongoing of change, being formed, deformed, moved, and broken down by physical, chemical, and biological processes.
- endogenic (internal) system
- is at work building landforms
- exogenic (external) system
- is busily wearing them down
- Geologic cycle is composed
- three subsystems: hydrologic cycle, rock cycle, and tectonic cycle
- hydrologic cycle
- Is the vast system that circulates water, water vapor, ice and energy throughout the Earth-atmosphere-ocean environment.
- hydrologic cycle rearranges Earth materials
- through erosions, transportation, and deposition, and it circulates water as the critical medium that sustains life. refer back to ch 8. hydrologic cycle
- rock cycle
- through processes in the atmosphere, crust, and mantle, produces three basic rock types- igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
- tectonic cycle
- brings heat energy and new materials to the surface and recycles old materials to mantle depths, creating movement and deformation of the crust, The cycle of processes that build up and break down the lithosphere
- tectonic cycle
- The cycle of processes that build up and break down the lithosphere
- rock cycle
- only eight natural elements compose 99% of Earth's crust
- oxygen and silicon
- account for 74.3% of the crust
- Oxygen
- the most reactive gas in the lower atmosphere, readily combines with other elements. The percentage of oxygen is greater in the crust 47% than in the atmosphere about 21%.
- Minerals
- is an inorganic, nonliving, naturel compound having a specific chemical formula and usually possessing a crystalline structure.
- Minrtslogy
- is the study of the composition, properties, and classification of minerals
- silicates
- Most wide spread mineral families on Earth because silicon and oxygen are so common and because they readily combine with each other and with other elements.
- Earth's crust
- Roughly 95% of Earth crust comprises silicates.
- mineral family make up
- quartz, feldspar, clay minerals, and numerous gemstones
- oxides
- are another group of minerals in which oxygen combines with metallic elements, such as iron, to form hematite, Fe2O3
- carbonate group
- which features carbon in combination with oxygen and other elements such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium
- rock
- is an assemblage of minerals bound together such as granite, a rock containing three minerals, or a mass of a single mineral such as the rock salt, or undifferentiated material noncrystalline glassy obsidian, or volcanic glass, or even solid organic material such as coal
- igneous
- melted. Igneous rock is one that solidifies and crystalizes from molten state. Example: granite, basalt, and rhyolite. Igneous rocks form from magma, which is molten rock beneath the surface
- sedimentary
- from settling out,
- metamorphic
- altered,
- Magma
- fluid, highly gaseous, and under tremendous pressure
- lava
- it either intrudes into crystal rocks, cools, and hardens, or it extrudes onto the surface as lava.
- Intrusive
- igneous rock that rolls slowly in the crust forms a pluton
- batholith
- an irregular-shaped rock
- batholith
- form the mass of many large mountain ranges- for example, the Sierra Nevada batholith ub California