1st Week 2
Terms
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- Observation
- fact
- Hypothesis
- possible explanation
- Scientific Theory
-
generalization explaining a large number of different observations
Ex: Plate tectonics, evolution - Scientific Law
-
no deviation have been observed after many tests
Ex: Law of Gravity, Law of Conservation of energy - Law of Gravity
- F=m1m2/r2
- 4 closed systems
- atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere
- Experiment
-
Observations- systematic and purposeful
controlled - Conclusion
-
which hypothesis do the results best support
what problems were their in doing the experiment
what new questions arrise from these observations - What is a system?
-
set of components that work together
arbitrary boundaries set by investigator - open, closed, isolated systems
- exchange matter and energy with surroundings; no exchange of matter bt can exchange energy; no exchange of matter or energy
- Conservation equation
- Input=Output+change in storage
- Steady state
-
Change in storage
Input=Output - Transient state
- Input does not equal output
- resident time
-
Average amount of time a unit of matter stays in a reservoir
T1=M/F - Feedback in systems
- feedback occurs when the output of the system influences the input to the system
- positive feedback
- the output of the system enhances the performance
- negative feedback
- slows the performance, decreasing the output
- Atomic #
- # of protons in nucleus of atom
- Atomic weight
- # of protons plus neutrons
- Polar molecule
- Hydrogen bonding between molecules
- Ions
- atoms that have too many or too few electrons(-) relative to the #of protons(+)
- Complex ions
- Group of atoms that together have a mismatch between electrons and protons
- Endothermic reaction
- absorb energy as the reaction progresses
- Exothermic
- give off energy as the reaction progresses
- Forms of chemical reactions
- Mechanical, themal (heat), electrical, Radiant (electromagnetic)
- Population density equation
- (R) rate=(Births-deaths)+(immigration-emigration)
- Intrinsic rate (biotic potential)
-
age at which reproduction begins
generation time
number of offspring - environmental resistance
-
biotic (disease, competition for resources)
abiotic (climate, natural disaster) - Population change equation
- (Birth+immigration)-(death+emigration)
- crude birth rate
- #of births/1000 per year
- crude death rate
- #deaths/1000 per year
- birth rate %
- CBR/10= birth rate %
- fertlity rate
- # of children born per woman
- causes of fertility rate
-
womens education
infant mortality
religion
governmental restriction - causes of death rate
-
medical care
natural disaster
disease - Green revolution
-
industrialization of agriculture
high inputs of energy
mechanization
fertilization - SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
- eating lower on the food chain (organic farming)
- Habitat
- a place where you live; has what you need
- 3 sources of energy
-
sun (solar energy)
earths internal heat (radioactivity)
Gravitational energy (tides) - HEAT TRANSFER
- radiation, conduction, advection
- Imports of fossil fuel use
-
Exploration and extraction
Transport and processing
Combustion and Use
Disposal and residual wastes - Combustion and use of coal
-
Air pollution
Particulate matter (fly ash)
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide - Disposal of residual wastes from coal
-
Ash sludge
carbon monoxide