EXAM 1
second semester
Terms
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copy deck
- Kiniesology
- study of human movement from a science point of view of human motion + principles + laws governing human motion
- physical/physiological
- every structure that participates in movements of the body does so according to what principles?
- kinomatics
- measurement of motion variables describing motion w/ respect to time
- kinetics
- study of forces that act to produce motion
- biomechanics
- study of mechanics of biological systems
- underlying aim
- safety, effectiveness and efficiency analysis and modificiation of human movement
- saftey
- strucutre movements to avoid doing harm to the human body
- effectiveness
- success or failur of meeting goal w/ least amount of effort every motion has a purpose
- efficiency
- avoiding overworking or using to much energy ex. better swim stroke
- PE/coaches/fitness pro's
- need to know movements of a normal body for technique
- AT/PT
- need to know movement of a norbmal body for restoration of impaired function/injury prevention
- components of analysis
- determines effectivness of a motor performance, describes a skill in a logical/systematic fahsion, evaluates performance, prescribes corrections based on appropriate identification causes
- anaylsis
- description ofthe motor skill performance
- analysis
- 1. primary purpose of skill 2. movement phases 3. classification of skill 4. simultaneous
- simultaneous
- segments moving one direction in a straight line ex. pushes, pulling, lifting
- sequential
- segments move in an orderly sequence throwing, striking, kicking
- combination
- segments use both simultanous and sequential to complete motions
- movement phases
- ex. long jump prep phase (arm back, legs squat), force phase (pushing off the ground) recovery phase (absorb force and land)
- classification
- objective of the skill - median of which it occurs and nature of motion can be primary or secondary category
- system for classification of motor skills
- I. maintaining erect posture II. movement for excersise and fitness III. giving motion A. external B. internal IV. Recieiving impact A. external B. intenral
- giving motions/external
- pushing, pulling, lifting carrying punching
- giving motions/internal
- 1. supported by ground/resisted surface 2. supported by water 3. suspended free of support
- simultaneous motion
- overcoming heavy/large objects (pushing, pulling lifting) accuracy straight line (fencing, darts, pool)
- sequential motion
- moved in orderly sequence, various segments throwing striking kicking
- successive segments
- accelerate at the appropriate time to create the highest speed
- final segment
- in sequential motion moves in a curved path.further from center of motion greater the speed increasing speed generated from 1 body part to next
- combination
- "too heavy" to sequentially throw but need sequential to gain momentum. speed and heavy weight impact at the end
- Anatomical Analysis
- 1. Jt action+segment motion 2. muscle participation +type of contraction 3. neuromuscular consideration 4. anatomical principles
- jt action + segment motion
- which jts are involved? exact motion? (ex. flexion), and any limited ROM?
- muscle participation + type of contraction
- which muscles produce the movement? type of contraction? function (agonist/antagonist)? force causing motion?
- Nueromusclar consideration
- mechanism (reflex) nature of invlvement and or inhibition -
- anatomical principles
- which principles contribute to efficiency and accuracy (ROM, # of body parts, coordination, body aligment) which principle relate to injury avoidance)
- mechanical analysis
- 1. underyling mechanical objectives 2. nature of forces causing motion 3. principles heat apply 4. violation of principles
- underlying mechanical objectives
- balance locomotion projection manipulation maximum effort
- balance
- regain stability, attain mobility
- locomotion
- travel pt to pt travel prescribed distance, travel pattern travel setting ones body into motion
- projection
- height range + accuracy max hiegh, max rnage, max accuracy, opt. speed and accuracy
- manipulation
- at objects, reproduce a pattern, resistance
- principles heat apply
- speed/motion/balance/direction/timing/water + air pressure objects pam/spin of objects + pressure open release
- violation of principles
- which applications of principles violated? what are returning erors? sources of error? what was the overall purpose? identify the purpose? what went wrong?
- Prescriptions for improvement
- indicate how the performances should be changed, strategy for change to reflect anatomical + mechanical ideals, concentrate on causes not symptoms
- jts
- bones move around an axis or fixed pt. allowing movement on surfaces
- osteokinematics
- physiological motion voluntary movement from active muscle contractions moving bony levers through cardinal planes tested "swing" w/ goniometer
- Arthrokinematics
- actual movement occuring b/w jt. surfaces cant have full physiological motion w/o accessory motion accompanies physiologica allowing FROM if restricted normal plane cant occur
- types of accessory motion
- spin, roll, glid, pure slide
- spin
- bony levers moves around a stationary longitudinal mechanical axis ex. elbow: radial head spinning on capuitulum during sup/pron
- roll
- a series of pts on 2 surfaces in contact w/ a series of pts on another surface
- rolling
- always occurs int he same direction as the bone motion reguardless if the moving surface is convace or convex
- glide slide
- 1 pt on moving surface comes in contact w/ various pts on opposing surface
- pure slide
- can only occur when 2 surface are similar in shape, rare since surfaces tend to be concave translationg
- pure sliding
- anterior draw to knee and ankle jt
- normal synovial mechanics
- tends to have a combo of rolling and sliding only had rolling,
- rolling+sliding
- FROM, prevent wearing of isolated pts. on jt surfaces economic movement/relatively small jt surfaces, keeps moving surface centered on stationary surface, prevents impingements/distraction of opposite side of jts
- convex->concave
- slide occurs in opposite direction of bony lever movement and rolling motion
- concave->convex
- slide occurs in same direction as bony lever movement and rolling motion
- roll
- direction of bone