Psych 101 Test 2
Terms
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- Behavior Modification
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A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
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Classical Conditioning
- A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
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Cognitive Learning Theory
- An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the though process that underlie learning.
- Conditioned Respose
- A response tha, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (ex: Salivation at the ringing of a bell)
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Conditioned Stimulus
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A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus.
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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
- Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs.
- Extinction
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The decrease in frequency, and eventual disappearance, of a previously conditioned response; one of the basic phenomena of learning.
- Fixed-Interval Schedule
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A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elpased, making overall rates of response relatively low.
- Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
- Latent Learning
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Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
- Learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
- Negative Punishment
- The removal of something pleasant. (Ex: Being grounded)
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Negative Reinforcer
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An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase int eh probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
(iPod volume too loud it hurts ears when first turned on, you are more likely to reduce the volume. Lower
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Neutral Stimulus
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A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.
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Observational Learning
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Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model.
- Operant Conditioning
- Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
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Partial (or Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule
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Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time.
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Positive Punishment
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Weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus. (Ex: Spanking or 10 years in jail)
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Positive Reinforcer
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A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in preceding a response.
(Ex: Paychecks at the end of the week will make workers want to come back the next week)
- Punishment
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A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again.
- Reinforcement
- The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
- Reinforcer
- Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.
- Schedules of Reinforcement
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Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior.
- Shaping
- The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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Spontaneous Recovery
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The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
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Stimulus Discrimination
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The ability to differentiate between stimuli
- Stimulus Generalization
- A response to a stimulus that is similar to but different from a conditioned stimulus; the more similar the two stimuli, the more likely generalization is to occur.
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Unconditioned Response
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A response that is natural and need no training (ex: Salivating)
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Unconditioned Stimulus
- A stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned.
- Variable-Interval Schedule
- A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average than being fixed.
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
- A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.