Central Dogma All
Terms
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- Codon
- sequence of 3 nucleotides that determine the amino acid that the tRNA should deliver.
- A-Site
- the point of entry for the aminoacyl tRNA
- semiconservative replication
- Semiconservative replication is how DNA replication is done in nature, where the two strands in DNA are broken and paired with a new strand.
- Start Codon
- ATG or AUG that signals the start of translation
- Anticodon
- The three-base sequence in tRNA complementary to a codon on mRNA. A nucleotide triplet in a tRNA molecule that aligns with a particular codon in mRNA under the influence of the ribosome, so that the amino acid carried by the tRNA is added to a growing protein chain.
- mRNA
- messenger RNA, involved in protein production. Acts as a kind of blueprint (makes a copy of the gene it will be using to create the protein and brings it to the ribosome)
- Introns
- are non-coding sections of DNA
- Reverse transcriptase
- a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA
- Rho factor
- is a protein found in prokaryotes involved in the termination of transcription.
- termination
- To terminate replication, a protein binds to the DNA and stops it from feeding through the replication mechanism.
- Helicase
- Enzyme that "unzips" the 2 strands of DNA (or RNA-DNA hybrid).
- Stop Codon
- a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation
- replication
- DNA replication is the mechanism by which genetic material is replicated. The DNA is split down the helix, and each half of the base pair is matched with its complement, making two copies of the original DNA. DNA replication will begin at a certain point and proceed in both directions, aided by several proteins including DNA primase and DNA polymerase.
- DNA ligase
- ligase (type of enzyme) that helps link together DNA with double strand breaks.
- replication fork
- The replication fork is where the two strands of DNA are separated into leading and lagging strands to be matched with the new replicated strands.
- E-Site
- the exit site of the now uncharged tRNA after it gives its amino acid to the growing peptide chain
- Gyrase
- Type of Topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils (or relaxes positive supercoils) into DNA (helps break it up).
- Transpeptidation
- the cross linking during cell wall synthesis
- Central Dogma
- The central dogma of molecular biology is the model of information transfer between DNA, RNA and proteins.
- Transcription bubble
- is a molecular structure that occurs during the transcription or replication of DNA when DNA helicase and DNA topoisomerase "unzip" the DNA double strand.
- Small Subunit
- a small part of a ribosome
- Telomerase
- enzyme that adds repeating sequences of DNA to the 3' (3 prime) ends of DNA.
- Ribosomes
- complexes of RNA and protein that are found in all cells
- Translocation
- a genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
- RNA primer
- RNA primer is a short strand of RNA off of which replication can occur. The standard mechanism can't start a strand. It can only add to it.
- Dispersive replication
- Dispersive replication is a theoretical method of replication where different sections of the strands are replicated, while the rest are new.
- Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase
- an enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of a specific amino acid or its precursor to one of all its compatible cognate tRNAs
- PolyA tail
- After an mRNA is transcribed from a gene, the cell adds a stretch of A residues (typically 50-200) to its 3' end.
- transcription
- DNA transcription is the mechanism by which DNA is sequenced into RNA. The DNA strand is split and met with RNA polymerase, which helps line up the RNA strands with their DNA complements and sequence them.
- Sigma factor
- is a prokaryotic transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase to gene promoters.
- Peptidyl Transferase
- the enzymatic centre in the ribosome responsible for peptide bond formation during translation
- RNA polymerase (RNA pol I, II, and III)
- Pol Itranscribes DNA to synthesize rRNA (Ribosomal RNA). Pol II is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells and it catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA. Pol III transcribes DNA to synthesize ribosomal 5S rRNA, tRNA and other small RNAs.
- Translation
- DNA translation is the process by which the mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids. mRNA is bonded to a ribosome, and each codon is paired with an anticodon on a tRNA particle which is bonded to an amino acid. The tRNA breaks off, leaving the amino acid behind in its chain.
- RNAse
- Nuclease that catalyzes the hydrolysis of RNA into smaller components.
- Splicing
- is a modification of genetic information after transcription, in which introns of precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) are removed and exons of it are joined.
- Origin of replication
- DNA sequence that indicates where DNA replication should begin
- conservative replication
- Conservative replication is a theoretical method of replication where the original strands of DNA are left intact and two new strands are formed bonded together.
- Leading strand
- The leading strand is the faster strand in the replication fork. The DNA polymerase reads the strand and adds a second to it.
- Okazaki fragments
- Okazaki fragments are short discontinuous strands of DNA left on the lagging strand in order to make the rest of the DNA continuous.
- DNA polymerase
- Enzyme that assists in DNA replication by adding matching nucleotides to a replicating (forked) string of DNA
- Topoisomerase
- enzyme that acts on the topology of DNA and help "unknot" the DNA.
- TATAAAA (TATA box)
- is a DNA sequence (cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of most genes in eukaryotes.
- Genetic code
- the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells
- Charging tRNAs
- RNA that is charged with aminoacyl residues.
- Initiation
- DNA replication is initiated when several enzymes break the hydrogen bonds holding the base pairs together and the DNA uncoils.
- Lagging strand
- The fork of DNA during replication that takes longer to replicate due to the more complex way it must be replicated
- tRNA
- transfer RNA, brings the ribosome amino acids to build cells with.
- Large Subunit
- a large part of a ribosome
- Primase
- form of RNA Polymerase that binds to the DNA helicase and helps initiate the synthesis of DNA strands
- fMet, Met initiation amino acid
- an amino acid found in all living cells
- rRNA
- ribosomal RNA, translates the genetic sequence given by the mRNA into amino acids and gives this information to the tRNA.
- Exon
- is any region of DNA within a gene that is transcribed to the final messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, rather than being spliced out from the transcribed RNA molecule
- P-Site
- where the peptidyl tRNA is formed in the ribosome
- Capping
- The blocking of further addition of subunits by binding of a cap protein to the free end of a linear polymer such as actin.
- antiparallel strands
- The structure of DNA is antiparallel, which means there are to strands parallel to each other going in opposite directions.
- Bidirectional replication
- Type of DNA replication where replication occurs in 2 directions from the starting point.
- Posttranscriptional processing
- The enzymatic processing of the primary rNA transcript, which producesmessenger RNA and transfer RNA.
- Spliceosome
- is a complex of specialized RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed hnRNA (often called pre-mRNA) segment
- Promoter
- is a regulatory region of DNA located upstream (towards the 5' region) of a gene, providing a control point for regulated gene transcription.