Biology Chapter 4
Terms
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- centriole
- an organelle that is active during mitosis
- cytosol
- the soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes
- central vacuole
- a large cavity or sac that is found in plant cells or protozoans and that contains air or partially digested food
- cell wall
- a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
- flagellum
- a long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move
- nuclear envelope
- the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
- nucleus
- in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and that has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction
- organ
- a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
- organ system
- a group of organs that accomplish a related task
- cytoplasm
- the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus
- thylakoid
- a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis
- nucleolus
- the part of the eukaryotic nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
- prokaryote
- a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea and bacteria
- Golgi apparatus
- a system of flattened, membranous sacs
- cytoskeleton
- the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division
- plastid
- an organelle of plant cells that contains specific substances and performs specific functions for the cell
- mitochondrion
- in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP
- ribosome
- a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis
- cilium
- a hairlike structure arranged in tightly packed rows that projects from the surface of some cells
- chloroplast
- an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
- tissue
- a group of similar cells that perform a common function
- cell
- in biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm
- microfilament
- a fiber found inside eukaryotic cells that is composed mainly of the protein actin and that has a role in cell structure and movement
- phospholipid bilayer
- a double layer of phospholipids
- endoplasmic reticulum
- a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
- organelle
- one of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function
- chromosome
- in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA
- microtubule
- one of the small, tubular fibers composed of the protein tubulin that are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that compose the cytoskeleton, and that play a role in cell structure and movement
- lysosome
- a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
- eukaryote
- an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants, and fungi but not archaea or bacteria
- cell theory
- the theory that states that all living things are made up of cells, that cells are the basic units of organisms, that each cell in a multicellular organism has a specific job, and that cells come only from existing cells
- plasma membrane
- the cell's outer boundary; it acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of a cell
- chlorophyll
- a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates