bio2
Terms
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copy deck
- operator region
- contains several copies of DNA binding protein, it is the region on the gene to which a repressor can bind, preventing transcription of the genes
- messenger rna
- the template for protein synthesis
- dimer
- a compound whose molecules are composed of two identical monomers
- envelop
- enclose or enfold completely with or as if with a covering
- euchromatin
- the more open, unraveled form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription
- translation
- the act of uniform movement
- termination
- the act of ending something
- elongation
- the act of lengthening something
- carcinogens
- cancer causing chemicals or agents are called?
- frameshift mutation
- a mutation occuring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons
- conjugation
- the act of making or becoming a single unit
- regulatory gene
- a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene
- recombinant dna
- genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms
- reverse transcriptase
- a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template
- lagging strand
- the discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork
- capsid
- the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
- initiation
- an act that sets in motion some course of events
- transformation
- the act of changing in form or shape or appearance
- virus
- (virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts
- complementary dna
- single-stranded DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA or DNA that has been synthesized from messenger RNA by reverse transcriptase
- histone
- a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids
- gtp
- Similar to ATP, this is also used for energy transfer by breaking its phosphate bonds.
- corepressor
- a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off
- lytic cycle
- a phage reprodductive cycle that culminates in death of the host cell is known as a ______ _______
- ribosomal rna
- a ribosome is made up of 2 subunits, called the large and small subunits, which are constructed of proteins and RNA molecules called __________ ___
- okazaki fragments
- as the bubble grows, another segment of the lagging strand can be made in a similar way by ______ ________
- dna fingerprinting
- analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals
- replication fork
- A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.
- rna processing
- modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus
- nucleotides
- nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers know as this.
- dna ligase
- an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments
- transcription
- the act of making a record (especially an audio record)
- sticky end
- an end of DNA in which one strand of the double helix extends a few units beyond the other
- dna polymerase
- the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication
- nucleosomes
- Nucleosomes condensed several times to form intact chromatids. The length from linker to linker histones.
- structural genes
- Genes that code for enzymes needed in chemical reactions.
- provirus
- Viral DNA that inserts into a host genome.
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
- (snRNPs) recognize splice sites; are composed of RNA, protein molecules
- binary fission
- a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
- insertion
- a set of DNA that is inserted into a gene sequence
- trp operon
- tryptophan binds to the repressor protein and enables it to repress gene transcription.
- repressible enzymes
- An enzyme whose production is generally continuous but can be halted if a particular substance is present in concentrations greater than normal
- deletion
- Loss of a DNA (chromosome) segment from a chromosome with often with disastrous effects.
- helicase
- an enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands
- restriction enzymes
- The proteins used to cut DNA molecules at specilic places so that scientists can isolate pieces with the desired genes.
- mutation
- a change or alteration in form or qualities
- gel electrophoresis
- a technique for sorting DNA by length
- mutagens
- a number of physical and chemical agents, called _______, intereact with DNA in ways and cause mutations
- leading strand
- the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction
- retrovirus
- any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)
- excision repair
- The process of removing and then correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.
- dna replication
- the process of making a copy of DNA
- semiconservative replication
- DNA replication in which each of the parental strands is read to make a complementary daughter strand, ethus each new DNa molecule is composed of half the parental molecule paired with a newly synthesized strand.
- repressor protein
- a regulatory protein that binds to an operator and blocks transcription of the genes of an operon
- polymorphisms
- differences between humans from: individual genes that vary between people & enviornmental variation impacting development
- exons
- a coding region of a eukaryotic gene; when expressed, they are separated from each other by introns
- heterochromatin
- non-transcribed eukaryotic chromatin that is so highly compacted that it's visible with a light microscope
- protein synthesis
- The assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules
- lac operon
- a gene system whose operator gene and three structural genes control lactose metabolism in E. coli
- polymerase chain reaction
- A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase
- genotype
- the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism
- trna
- short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according
- transduction
- the process whereby a transducer accepts energy in one form and gives back related energy in a different form
- transfer rna
- short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according
- episomes
- A genetic element in bacteria that can replicate free in the cytoplasm (has a different number of copies) or can be inserted into the main bacterial chromosome and replicate with the chromosome. Plasmids are an example.
- transposons
- transposable elements longer and more complex than insertion sequences, called __________, also move in the bacterial genome
- heterogenous nuclear rna
- The original RNA transcripts found in eukaryotic nuclei before post-transcriptional modifications. A diverse assortment of RNA types found in the nucleus, including mRNA precursors (pre-mRNA) and other types of RNA. Abbreviated hnRNA.
- inducible enzymes
- An enzyme whose transcription can be stimulated by an abundance of its substrate (as opposed to repressible enzyme). Usually in catabolism.
- prophage
- when integrated into the bacterial chromosome, the viral DNA is known as a ___________
- rna primase
- What enzyme produces an RNA primer in the 5'-3' direction and is essential to DNA replication because DNA polymerases are unable to synthesize DNA without an RNA primer?
- gene
- (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain
- substitution
- replacement of one nucleotide with another
- plasmids
- The smalll, circular segments of DNA that are found in bacteria and that stay sparate from the bacterial chromosomes; used in genetic engineering.
- introns
- a non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene
- rna primer
- Sequence of RNA primers bound to a region of single-stranded DNA to initiate DNA replication.
- promoter region
- A regulatory region a short distance upstream from the 5' end of a transcription start site that acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase. A region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds in order to initiate transcription.
- topoisomerases
- coil stress, coil stress
- lysogenic cycle
- the ______ ______ replicates the phage genome without destroying the host
- bacteriophages
- viruses that infect bacteria