Cell Reproduction
Terms
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- tetrad
- pair of homologous chromosomes
- prophase
- the first phase of mitosis- begins with the shortening and tight coiling of DNA into rod-shaped chromosomes that can be seen with a light microscope
- independant assortment
- the random seperation of the homologous chromosomes- results in genetic variation
- chromatin
- less tightly coiled DNA-protein complex
- sexual reproduction
- the production of offspring through meosis and the union of a sperm and an egg
- asexual reproduction
- the production of off-spring from one parent
- haploid
- cell sthat contain only one set of chromosomes and that have half the number of chromocomes that are present in diploid cells
- gametes
- haploid reproductive cells
- crossing-over
- portions of chromatids may break-off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the process permits the exchange of genetic material between material and paternal chromosomes
- chromatid
- two identical halves of a chromosome
- cytokinesis
- the division of the cell's cytoplasm
- cell plate
- vesicles from the golgi apparatus join together at the middle of the dividing cells
- polar bodies
- the other three products of meosis
- histone
- DNA in eukaryotic cells that wrap tightly around proteins
- genetic recombination
- when a new mixture of genetic material is created
- telophase
- fourth phse of mitosis- the chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, the spindle fibers disessamble, and the chromosomes return to a less tightly coiled chromatid state
- anaphase
- third phase of mitosis- chromatids of each chromosome seperate at the centromere and slowly move toward opposite poles of the dividing cell
- diploid
- cells that have two autosomes for each homologous pair and that have two sex chromosomes in animals
- spindle fibers
- made of microtubules and as the centrosomes seperate they radiate in preperation for metaphase
- meosis
- process that reduces the chromosome number by half in new cells and occurs during the formation of gametes
- spermatogenesis
- the production of sperm cells
- metaphase
- the second phase of mitosis- chromosomes are easier to identify by using a microscope then during other phases and karyotypes are typically made from photomicrographs of chromosomes in this phase- the kinochore fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the dividing cell
- synapsis
- the pairing of homologous chromosomes lines up next to its homologue
- karyotype
- a photomicrograph of the chromosomes in a normal dividing cell found in a human
- interphase
- time between cell divisions
- oogenesis
- the production of mature egg cells or ova
- centromere
- two chromatids of a chromosome are attatched at this point
- chromosomes
- rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins
- binary fission
- the division of a prokaryotic cell into two off-spring cells
- mitosis
- type of cell division that results in new cells with genetic material that is identical to the genetic material of the original cell
- homologous chromosomes
- two copies of each autosome recieved from the parents which are the same shape and size and carry genes for the same traits
- sex chromosomes
- chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism and that may also carry genes for other characterstics
- autosomes
- chromosomes in an organism that are not x or y