chapter 10 vocab
Terms
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- Framing
- The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. (p. 407)
- belief bias
- the tendency for a person's preexisting beliefs to distort his or her logical reasoning
- Artificial intelligence
- the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes suchs as reasoning and understanding language
- Fixation
- the inablilty to see a problem from a new perspective
- heuristic
- A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
- concept
- mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
- Functional Fixedness
- the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
- confirmation bias
- a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
- algorithm
- a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
- Overconfidence
- individuals belief that they are correct more often than they actually are
- Phoneme
- the smallest unit of speech
- Mental set
- a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially one that has been successful in the past.
- belief perserverance
- clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
- Insight
- a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problems
- prototype
- a mental image or best example of a category
- Language
- our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
- Representativeness heuristic
- judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototype; may lead one to ignore other relevant info
- computer neural networks
- computer circuits that simulate the brain's interconnected neural cells and perform tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells
- cognition
- all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering
- Availability heuristic
- estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common