Psychology 10
Terms
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- representativeness heuristic
- judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes. ex. Ivy league professor/ truck driver -- who likes poetry?
- insight
- a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
- algorithm
- a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
- phenome
- in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
- framing
- the way and issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
- linguistic determination
- Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
- cognition
- the mental activites associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
- confirmation bias
- a tendency to search for info that confirms one's preconceptions
- heuristic
- a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
- mental set
- a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially one that has been successful in the past.
- functional fixedness
- the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
- belief bias
- the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conculstions seem valid or vice versa
- telegraphic speech
- child speaks like a telegram
- babbling stage
- stage in which the infant utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language
- language
- our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicated meaning
- availability heuristic
- estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
- semantics
- the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
- grammar
- a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
- concepts
- a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
- artifical intelligence
- the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processing
- prototypes
- a mental image or best example of a category
- morpheme
- the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word
- syntax
- the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
- belief perserverance
- clinging to oens intital conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
- overconfidence
- the tendency to be more confident that correct-- to overestimate the accuaracy of one's beliefs and judgements
- fixation
- the inablilty to see a problem from a new perspective
- computer neural networks
- computer circuits that mimic the brains interconnected neural cells to perform taks like learning.