Ch 8: Motivation & Emotion
Terms
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- Basal Metabolic Rate
- (BMR) Whe the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat & respiration
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- [Basic Needs] Physiological (food, water,warmth, shelter) Safety( security, safety) [Psychological Needs] Belongingness & Love ( intimate relationships, friends) Esteem ( prestige & feelings of accomplishment) [Self-Fulfillment Needs] Self Actualization (achieving one's full potential, including creative activities)
- Excitement
- beginning of sexual arousal
- Cannon
- subjective experience & physiological arousal occur at the same time
- Competence motivation
- desire to demostrate competence & experience control in a situation
- Deci & Ryan's Self-Determintaion Theory (SDT)
- A theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, & relatedness are satisfied
- Determinants of Sexual Orientation
- 1. Genetics, possibly differences in brain structures 2. Established early, resistant to change
- Drive Theories
- motivated by the desire to satisfy unmet biological needs
- Two- Factor Theory
- emotion results from the interaction of physilogical arousal & cognitive label
- Facial Feedback Hypothesis
- expressing a specific emotion causes the subjective experience of the emotion
- Anorexia Nervosa
- An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining weight, & distorted body-self perception
- Orgasm
- blood pressure & heart rate reach their peak; contractions of sexual muscles & other muscles as well
- Weight Cycling
- Repeated cycles of dieting, weight loss, & weight regain; also called yo-yo dieting
- Set-Point Theory
- Theory that proposes that humans & other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called the set-point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger & body metabolism
- Sexual Orientation
- a person's emotional & erotic attraction towards opposite/same sex
- Cognitive-Meditational Theory
- emotions result from the cognitive appraisal of a situation's effect on personal well-being
- Bulimia Nervosa
- An eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food & prevent weight gain
- Plateau
- physical arousal builds as pulse & breathing rate continue to increase
- Insulin
- regulates blood level
- James-Lange Theory
- emotions arise from the perception of physiological & behaviora changes
- Short-Terms Signals that Regulate Eating
- 1. Physiological changes 2. Psychological changes 3. Satiation
- "SupreSize It" Syndrome
- (Overeating) make larger portions of meals for only a few cents more
- Basic Emotions
- The most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, & culturally universal ( fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness)
- Settling-Point Models
- General model of weight regulation suggesting that body weight settles, or stabalizes, around the point at which there is a balance between the factors influencing energy intake & energy expenditure
- Cafeteria Diet Effect
- (Variety = More consumed) the tendency to eat morte when a wide variety of palatable foods is available
- Instinct Theories
- som behaviors are innate, due to evolutionary programming
- Emotion
- a subjective experience, a physiological response, & a behavioralm component
- Stages of Human Sexual Response
- Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution
- Intrinsic motivation
- The desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying & enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to something for its own sake
- Positive Incentive Value
- In early behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior
- Energy Homeostasis
- The long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure
- Humanistic Theories
- Motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal
- Adipose Tissue
- Body fat; reserved energy
- Extrinsic motivation
- External factors of influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations
- Achievement motivation
- desire to exel, succeed, or outperform others at some tasks
- Motivation for Sexual Behavior
- 1. Most Anmals- biologhically determined 2. Humans- learning & environment 3. Male & female desire influenced by testosterone levels
- Fuctions of Emotion
- motivates behavior, helps us set goals/achieve the desired emotional state
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Motivation
- Hierarchial division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs
- Eating Disorders
- A category of mental disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior
- Glucose
- simple/blood sugar
- Resolution
- both sexes tend to experience a warm physical "glow" & a sense of well-being
- Incentive Theories
- Motivated by the "pull" of external goals
- Factors of Energy Homeostasis
- Glucose, insulin, adipose tissue
- Motivation
- the biological, cognitive, or social forces that activate & direct behavior; the need or desire to act a certain way to achieve a goal(s)