Praxis ESL Concepts
Terms
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- Code-switching
- Sometimes use both languages in the same conversation to express themselves
- Homophones
- Words that are pronounced in the same way as one or more other words, but is different in meaning and sometimes spelling, as are "hair" and "hare".
- Consonant diagraph
- Diagraphs are "voiceless" combinations of two consonants. Following are examples: st, ch, sh, th, wh.
- Psycholinguistic
- The study of language acquisition and use in relation to the psychological factors controlling its use and recognition
- Acculturation
- (U-curve Hypothesis: Honeymoon, Hostility, Humor, Home) The process by which an individual adapts to a new culture.
- EFL
- English as a Foreign Language
- Stages of second-language development
- Preproduction, Early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, and advanced fluency
- Congitive academic language proficiency
- The language ability needed for learning academic skills and concepts in situations in which contextual clues are not present and an abstract use of language is required.
- Cummins' cognitive academic language proficiency
- The language ability needed for learning academic skills and concepts in situations in which contextual clues are not present and an abstract use of language is required.
- LEP
- An individual who is in the process of acquiring English as his or her second language. (Limited English Proficient)
- Total Physical Response
- Language learning method based on the coordination of speech and action.
- Allophone
- Phones that makeup one phoneme ("All the phones")
- Consonant Clusters
- In linguistics, a consonant cluster is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are consonant clusters in the word splits
- TESOL
- Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages
- ESL
- ( English as a Second Language) A programming model in which linguistically diverse students are instructed in the use of English as a means of communication and learning. This model is often used when native speakers of multiple first languages are present within the same classroom.
- Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
- The language ability needed for casual conversation. This usually applies to the interpersonal conversation skills of CLD students (i.e, playground language). It's everyday, straightforrward communication skills that are helped by contextual supports such as gestures.
- Proxemics
- The study of distance individuals maintain between each other in social interactions and how this separation is significant.
- Politicization
- The pronunciation of a speech sound by raising the tongue to or toward the hard palate.
- Phonetic
- The study of sound across languages
- Comprehensible input
- Language delivered at a level understood by a learner
- Affective filter
- The affective filter controls how much input the learner comes in contact with, and how much of that input is converted into learning. It is sometimes compared to a defense mechanism because it negatively impacts the learner's motivation, self-confidence, or anxiety level.
- Silent way
- It presented learners with simple linguistic situations that they were to observe and then describe in the target language, focusing especially on the actions they witnessed.
- Phonology
- The study of sounds in speech, including their distribution and pronunciation
- Bilingual Programs
- Two-way developmental bilingual education, One-way developmental education, transitional bilingual education, ESL taught through academic content using current approaches, ESL putt-out
- Krashen's Natural Approach
- The notion of stages of second language acquisition is consistent with what Krashen has referred to as the natural order hypothesis
- Communicative competence
- The ability of an individual to comprehend incoming messages and effectively communicate responses in ways that are appropriate for a given situation.
- Superlative Adjectives
- The superlative is the form of an adjective or adverb that expresses the highest or a very high degree of the quality of what is being described.
- Audiolingualism
- "Audio-language"
- Suggestopedia
- The communicative method of suggestopedia was designed to place as much language teaching emphasis on learner personally and motivation as that typically placed on intellect.
- Language Interference
- CUP vs. SUP, Transfer hypothesis
- Syntax
- The pattern of structure of word order in sentences, clauses and phrases' the grammatical rules that govern language
- Demonstrative pronouns
- This, that, these, those, none and neither are examples.
- CALP
- (Cognitive academic language proficiency) the language ability needed for learning academic skills and concepts in situations in which contextual clues are not present and an abstract use of language is required.
- Direct method
- A grammatical approach that focuses less on explicit instruction of grammar rules and structures and more on the repetition and memorization of language patterns.
- Communicative-based instruction
- The communicative approach assumes that language production contains an infinite number of possible language combinations, so memorizing patterns and rules does little to prepare language learners for authentic language use.
- Natural Approach
- This hypothesis asserts that language is acquired in a more or less natural order - a predictable sequence of progression
- Behaviorism
- The belief that learning occurs through environmental stimuli and a learner's responses to those stimuli.
- Ethnocentrism
- The discriminatory belief that one's culture is superior. Persons who hold this perspective fail to acknowledge the value of other cultures
- Silent period
- The first stage of the process of second language acquisition, the preproduction stage, is often called the silent period because the CLD students may not communicate during this period except in nonverbal ways.
- Semiotics
- The study of signs and symbols of all kinds, what they mean, and how they relate to the things or ideas they refer to.
- Immersion Programs
- Refers to programs in which native and non-native speakers of English work together, with all students learning content and language through two languages
- Antonyms
- A word that means the opposite of another word. For example, "hot" is the antonym of "cold."
- Audiolingual Method
- A rapid means of learning foreign languages (use to train military troops). It is a patterns of drills and dialogue designed to develop grammatical structures and vocabulary in a highly sequential manner. Teachers reinforced accurate producation and error correction through consistent feedback (Terrell, Egasse, & Voge, 1982). Developers of the audiolingual method believe that when language learners practiced pattern drill and dialogue designed to develop particular language structures, the new language structures would become a habit. They viewed language acquisition as the memorization and recall of language patterns.
- Lau vs. Nichols
- Equal vs. Equitable treatment for ELL/CLD students
- Aspiration
- Pronunciation accompanied by breathing out
- Constructivism
- Represents a throretical body of literature that views the human brain as having certain fundamental structures of understanding that enable it to draw meaning from experience. They believe that learning occurs as a result of interactions between the environment and the learner's mind.
- Dual-immersion programs
- Refers to programs in which native and non-native speakers of English work together, with all students learning content and language through two languages.
- ELL
- Individuals who are in the process of transitioning from a home or native language to English
- English for Special Purposes
- Seek to prepare students to learn language for different environments, including the fields of medicine, engineering, computer science, and others.
- Semiphonetic
- Indicated that spellers write only some of the letters in a word.
- Morphology
- The study of how words are formed including aspect such as compounds, derivations, and so forth
- Communicative Language Teaching
- Stressing the importance of language as a tool for communicating information and ideas through teaching
- Comparative adjectives
- Ex: FastER, HappIER, MORE famous
- CALLA
- (Congitive academic language learning approach) A methos of instruction that is grounded in the cognitive approach and focuses on the explicit instruction of learning strategies and the development of critical thinking as a means of acquiring deep levels of language proficiency.
- Semantics
- The study of the meaning in language; the analysis of the meaning of words, phrases, sentences
- Allophones
- Phones that make up one phoneme ("All the phones")
- Zone of proximal development
- The area between the level of independent performance and the level of assisted performance.
- Circumlocution
- The use of more words than necessary to express something, especially to avoid saying it directly.
- Consonant voicing
- For all vowels, the air flows freely. Consonant sounds are formed when the air is constricted as it moves toward the lips. This constriction can involve simply slowing the air down or stopping it completely. The different consonant sounds depend on how and where the air is slowed or stopped.
- Summative Evaluations
- The culminating assessments that occur at the end of lessons
- Synonyms
- A word that means the same, or almost the same, as another word in the same language, either in all of its uses or in a particular context.
- ESL Program Models
- Programs that are culturally and linguistically sensitive towards students.
- Word Stress
- In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength.
- NABE
- National Association of Bilingual Education
- World Englishes
- An international journal committed to theoretical research on methodological and empirical study of English in global, social, cultural and linguistic contexts.
- Nasalization
- To make a sound nasal by lowering the soft palate so that air flows through the nose.
- Formative Evaluations
- A type of on-going or in process evaluation that allows the teacher to evaluate the effectiveness of the lesson to ensure CLD student comprehension
- Cultural bias on the test
- Testing that contain issues of validity and biases in testing.