Japanese Linguistics: Exam II
Terms
undefined, object
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Adectival noun diagnostics
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Copulas (unlike adjectives), -na (unlike nouns)
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Adjective diagnostics
- Modify nouns, use inflectional paradigms (-i, -katta, -ku)
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Adverb diagnostics
- No case marking; -ku
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Are all Japanese verbs optionally transitive?
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No. An implied object e.
- Arguments
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Elements specified in subcategorization fram for head
- c-command
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Neither A nor B dominates the other, and the first branching node that dominates A also dominates B
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Closed class category
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New morhemes can not be added
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Configurational; evidence for
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Distinguishes different constitutents, for example subjects and objects, on the basis of a structural (=configurational) difference; VP, mov't
- Constituent
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Maximal set of words dominated by a common node in a syntactic tree
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Constituent diagnostics
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Can move as a unit; can be deleted as a unit; can be replaced with other constituents of the same ype
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Evidence for a VP node
- Numeral quanifiers (mutual c-command), an object pronoun can be coreferent with a subject modifier (blocked by non-config - no VP)
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Evidence for mov't
- From scrambling. SOV (Empahsis of natives on scrambles from SOV; rarity of OS langs); Scrambling changes object to hihger config (NQ c-command rule "exception" due to trace; when an NP containing the antecedent of an object pronoun is scra
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Formality
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Expressing politeness toward interlocutors; copula, mas-u
- Humble
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o+V(+i)+suru; used when 1)anything under the VP or 2) the theme/recipient/etc. deserves respect
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Intransitive, transitive, ditransitive
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0, 1, 2 NPs internal to VP
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Lyman's law
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Don't use rendaku on the second word of a compound if a voiced obsturent is already present in that word
- masu/imasu
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Formal non-past
- Morpheme
- Individual units of sound carrying meaning
- Morphology
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Study of word structure
- nai/anai
- Informal negative non-past
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Noun conjugation paradigm; types
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Copulas - means "is" or "="
da, zya nai, datta, zya nakat:a, daroo
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Noun diagnostics
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no, to (and), det
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Numeral quantifier (NQ)
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a numeral and the classifier that agress with the type of entity being counted
- Obstruent
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Involves significant blockage of the vocal tract
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Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Grammar
- How it "should" work vs. how it does work
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Rendaku: when, what, why not?
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1. Compounding
2. Voice first consonant of second word (h-->b)
3. Conjunctions, Lyman's law
- Respectful
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o+V(+i)ni naru; used when the head N of the syntactic subject NP deserves respect
- ru/u
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Informal non-past
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Subcategorization Frame
- Specificationfor what types of phrases must co-occur within a phrase headed by a certain morpheme ([__NP])
- ta/da
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Informal past
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Thematic roles
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agent (instigator), theme (undergoer of state change/transfer), goal (endpoint), source (startpoint), experiencer (undergoer of psych state)
- Verb diagnostics
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Conjugate, -(i)ta-
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Verbal noun diagnostics
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Pass noun tests (kono, ga, no), occur w/ suru
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Why do we think there is subcategorization?
- Seems that certain phrases are required in some VPs, and that subcategories may determine case markers
- Why is /-kunai/ really /ku/ + /nai/?
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/arimasen/ and /ha/
- yoo/oo
- Informal inchoative