biology 1-test 2 more
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- How does the replication of DNA take place?
- 5-prime, 3-prime direction (continuous)
- What binds pieces together with the discontinuous pieces (other stand)?
- DNA-ligase
- What is the basic pattern of protein synthesis?
- DNA replication to transcription to RNA to translation
- What moves along the DNA assembling mRNA?
- RNA-polymerase
- What are start and stop sequences?
- determines when to start/stop, usually followed by promotor region
- What happens to mRNA molecules in protein synthesis in prokaryotes?
- they're used directly in protein synthesis
- What happens to mRNA molecules in eukaryotes?
- go through "editing" process, using spliceosomes where some segments are cut out=introns or reassmbled into mRNA which leaves the nucleus=exons
- What is involved in translation?
- mRNA(blueprint for how the assembly of amino acids), ribosomes, transfer RNA(w/amino acids), Energy (ATP>P), enzymes
- What are ribosomes made of?
- ribosomal RNA and proteins, they're catalysts for protein synthesis, functional positions called the P and A sites
- What are codons?
- small subunit attches to mRNA, a 3 letter sequence of nucleotides
- What occupies the P site?
- initiator tRNA (with methionine), (AUG codon)
- What is in the A site?
- large subunit attaches and A site is filled with coded tRNA-amino acids complex
- What is formed between two amino acids?
- peptide bonds
- what happens when the stop codon is reached?
- protein chain is released from ribosome complex
- what is assembly of protein called?
- elongation
- why is a 3-letter code used?
- four nucleotides taken 3 at a time will code for 64 amino acids
- How does the genetic code begin?
- sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule
- What happens to the DNA code first?
- it is TRANSCRIBED to mRNA
- What happens after the DNA has been transcribed to mRNA?
- the ribosome and tRNA assemble proteins of specific sequence by matching codons and anticodons
- What does the amino acid sequence determine?
- the shape of the molecule and thus its function
- What is an example and what does a retrovirus do?
- AIDS, reverse the normal flow of DNA to mRNA to protein (does opposite)
- What enzyme does retroviruses use?
- reverse transcriptase
- What is antiobody diversity?
- editing possible at the DNA level as well as at the mRNA level
- what does a gene do?
- sections of DNA that code for amino acids?
- What is they system called that name organisms and who first put it together?
- binomial system, Linnaeus in 1700's in 2 books "Species Plantatum" and "Systema Nature"
- How does the sporophyte generation produce spores? what about gametophyte?
- meiosis, mitosis
- What group of organisms occumpy extreme conditions? name them
- Archaea, methane-productin, halophiles, thermophiles
- What are the kingdoms of eukaryotes?
- Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista
- What is some general info about Protists?
- "catch all" group, all life cycles, wide diversity: algae, protozoa, slime molds, water molds
- info about fungi kingdom?
- haploid life cycle, nutrition by absorption, no motile cells except chytrids, chitin cell wall